Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Liver Diseases

Figure 3

Mechanisms of mitochondrial involvement in hepatocyte death and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. ROS can weaken β-oxidation, oxidize fat deposits, and prevent electrons from flowing along with the MRC. Disease factors such as chronic viral infection can contribute to increasing ROS levels and accelerated lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation products increase the hepatic production of TGF-β, which activates hepatic stellate cells, leading to fibrosis. ROS also increase the synthesis of TNF and several other cytokines in the liver, which can cause apoptosis and necroptosis. Necroptosis induces mitochondrial DAMPS, which contribute to the production of inflammatory cytokines that promote liver inflammation.