How Does Age at Onset Influence the Outcome of Autoimmune Diseases?

Table 2

Genetic and immunological factors related to age at onset.

Autoimmune disease	Population	Immunologic	Genetic
SLE early onset*	African Americans and Gullah		Odds of developing the disease increased by 48% per risk allele in Gullah patients and 25% in African-American patients [16]
	Caucasians Hispanics African Americans and Gullah	Higher odds of presenting Anti-dsDNA antibody [16]
	Caucasians		Association with MBL2 gene [17]
Positive RF PJIA	Caucasians	Higher frequency of Anti-CCP antibodies	HLA-DR4 alleles [36]
RA early onset	Hispanics	Higher frequency of Anti-CCP antibodies	HLA-DRB1 DERAA sequence [39]
SS early onset	Asians	Higher prevalence of anti-M3R Antibodies [40]
T1D early Onset	Caucasians		Association with high Risk HLA DQB1*02/*0302 [41]; Association with PTPN22 C1858T [42]
	African Americans		Association with absence of DQB1*0602 and increase in DQB1*0201 [28]
	Asians		Association with STAT4 polymorphism [43]
T1D late onset	Caucasians	Less frequency of insulin autoantibodies
MS susceptibility	Hispanics		High risk DQB1*0602 susceptibility allele is the same that protects in T1D [44]
AITD early onset	Asians		Coexistence of HLA-B*46 and HLA-Cw*01 [45]

AD: autoimmune disease; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; M3R: muscarinic 3 receptor; T1D: type 1 diabetes; MS: multiple sclerosis; AITD: autoimmune thyroiditis; PJIA: polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis; RF: rheumatoid factor.
*Defined as ≤20 years old.