An Update in the Use of Antibodies to Treat Glioblastoma Multiforme

Table 2

Immunotoxins against gliomas.

Immunotoxin	Toxin used	Target; antigen	Administrative; route	Clinical; trial phase	Number and; type of tumor	Outcome	Adverse effect	References
IL-4(38-37)-; PE38KDEL	(38-37); PE38KDEL	IL-4R	Intratumoral; (CED)	I/II	31 (25 GBM and 6 AA)	Median survival 8.2 months; six-month survival was 52%	Headache, seizure,; weakness, dysphasia, and hydrocephalus	[21–23]
IL13-PE38QQR	PE38QQR	IL-13R	Intratumoral; (CED)	I/II/III	Phase II, 51 (46 GBM, 3 AA, other 2); Phase III, 296 recurrent GBM	Infusion MTIC was 0.5 μg/mL; up to 6 d well tolerated; median survival 42.7 weeks (95% CI, 35.6–55.6) for GBM in Phase II and 36.4 weeks in Phase III, comparable to Gliadel Wafer	Headache,; dysphasia, seizure,; weakness, and; pulmonary embolism	[24–26]
TP-38	PE-38	TGF-𝛼	Intratumoral; (CED)	I	20 (17 GBM, other 3)	Median survival 28 weeks (95% CI, 4.1–45.1)	Hemiparesis, fatigue, headache, and dysphasia	[27, 28]
Tf-CRM107	DT-CRM107	Tf	Intratumoral; (CED)	I/II	44 (GBM, AA)	Median survival 37 weeks, (95% CI, 26–49); 5/34 CR, 7/34 PR, response rate 35% (95% CI, 20–54; 𝑃<0.0001)	Seizure, cerebral edema	[29]

GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; AA: anaplastic astrocytoma; TGF: transforming growth factor; CED: convection-enhanced delivery; MTIC: maximum-tolerated infusate concentration; CI: confidence interval; Tf: transferrin; CR: complete response; PR: partial responders; RR: radiographic response.