Review Article
Understanding and Managing Pregnancy in Patients with Lupus
Table 1
Hormonal and immune response differences between normal pregnancies.
| Immune and hormonal response | Normal pregnancy | Lupus and pregnancy | Clinical manifestation associated |
| Th17: IL-17 | High | Higher increase | Preeclampsia and pregnancy loss |
| Estradiol and progesterone | Higher in second and third trimester | Lower in second and third trimester | Impaired placental function and fetal loss |
| IL-6 | Low at first trimester but high in the third trimester | Low in the three trimesters | Altered immune regulation from T cell to B cell |
| IL-10 | Low in the trimester but high in the last trimester | High since preconception throughout pregnancy and still postpartum | Continuous B cell stimulation |
| Treg cells | High | Low number and impaired function | Lupus activity |
| Chemokines CXCL8/IL-8 CXCL9/MIG CXCL10/IP-10 | Low | Higher serum concentrations | Increase pregnancy complications and lupus flares |
| Ficolin-3 | Low | Increase | Haemolysis |
| IFN- | Low | Higher concentration | Contribution to preeclampsia |
| C4d | Low | Higher concentration | Low placenta weight and low birth weight |
| Prolactin | Low | Higher concentration | Lupus activity |
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IL: interleukin; Treg cells: T regulatory cells; CXCL: chemokine ligand; MIG: monokine induced by gamma interferon; IP-10: interferon gamma-induced protein 10; INF-: interferon alpha; C4d: complement component.
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