Biosolid Soil Application: Toxicity Tests under Laboratory Conditions

Table 4

Mean and standard deviation for micronuclei in cells of the meristematic region (M) and F₁ of Allium cepa after exposure to control soil, negative and positive controls, and biosolid samples.

Samples		𝑡0		𝑡30
		M	F1	M	F1
	NC	0.2 ± 0.44	0.2 ± 0.44	0.6 ± 0.54	0.2 ± 0.44
Controls	CS	0.6 ± 0.54	0	0	0.2 ± 0.44
	MMS	21.2 ± 7.08^*1	4.6 ± 2.07^*1	20.6 ± 5.12^*1	4.6 ± 0.89^*1
	TRIF	12.2 ± 3.42^*1	2.6 ± 1.14^*	3.6 ± 0.89^*1	2.6 ± 0.89^*1
Raw	B	0.14 ± 0.14	0.05 ± 0.04	NA	NA
Combination	SB	1 ± 1	0.6 ± 0.54	0.4 ± 0.54	0

NC: negative control; CS: control soil; MMS: positive control; TRIF: positive control; B: raw biosolid sample; SB: soil + biosolid.
𝑡₀: time of mixing and 𝑡₃₀: after 30 days of exposure to the diplopods.
^*Statistically significant values when compared to the negative control, by Mann-Whitney test, 𝑃<0.05.
¹Statistically significant values when compared to the control soil, by Mann-Whitney test, 𝑃<0.01.
²Statistically significant values when compared to the same treatments at 0 and 30 days.
NA: not available.