Silvopastoral Systems Enhance Soil Quality in Grasslands of Colombia

Table 1

Multistrata silvopastoral systems evaluated in the Sinu River Valley, Colombia.

System	Composition	Plant species	Distance (m)*	No. of trees per ha	Tree height (m)	DBH (cm)**
A0	Pasture	D. aristatum	—	—	—	—
		P. maximum	—	—	—	—
A1	Pasture and trees	D. aristatum	—	—	—	—
		P. maximum	—	—	—	—
		G. ulmifolia	16×16	11	12.2±1.1	42.4±6.7
		C. grandis		11	13.3±0.5	36.3±2.2
		A. saman		11/33	19.2+2.0	68.0±2.9
A2	Pasture, trees, and shrubs	D. aristatum	—	—	—	—
		P. maximum	—	—	—	—
		G. ulmifolia	16×16 for trees	11	12.8±1.1	54.7±6.7
		C. grandis		11	14.0±0.5	38.6±2.2
		A. saman		11	21.4±2.0	67.3±2.9
		C. cujete	4×4 for shrubs	300	—	—
		L. leucocephala		300/633	—	—
A3	Pasture, trees, shrubs, and timber trees	D. aristatum	—	—	—	—
		P. maximum	—	—	—	—
		G. ulmifolia	16×16 for trees	11	13.2±1.1	43.3±6.7
		C. grandis		11	12.1±0.5	40.3±2.2
		A. saman		11	21.2±2.0	66.9±2.9
		C. cujete	4×4 for shrubs	300	—	—
		L. leucocephala		300	—	—
		P. quinata	16×16 for timber trees	11	19.2±1.1	58.6±2.2
		S. macrophylla		11/655	12.3±1.5	27.3±1.9

∗At planting, the initial distance among trees was 8×8 m; four years later, the trees were thinned to 16×16 m.
∗∗DBH: diameter at breast height ± standard deviation.