Effects of Organic Soil Amendments on Photosynthetic Traits of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in an Alluvial Soil
Table 6
Organic amendments on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), leaf chlorophyll concentration, photosynthetic rate (A), leaf stomatal conductance rate (gs), and transpiration rate (E) of mature vines farm for two years of observation.
Property
Value obtained
FNPK
FPJ
FPJBC
FFJ
FFJBC
FNPK
FPJ
FPJBC
FFJ
FFJBC
2017
2018
Chlorophyll (μmol per m2 of leaf)
56.44 ± 13.89a
71.01 ± 22.80a
84.87 ± 28.94a
79.90 ± 37.56a
83.58 ± 31.60a
55.59 ± 6.03c’
74.62 ± 3.32b’
86.99 ± 2.07a’
77.50 ± 2.95b’
86.51 ± 1.15a’
NDVI
0.81 ± 0.07c
0.84 ± 0.06bc
0.88 ± 0.07ab
0.87 ± 0.09abc
0.92 ± 0.03a
0.76 ± 0.03c’
0.89 ± 0.03b’
0.91 ± 0.03ab’
0.90 ± 0.03b’
0.94 ± 0.03a’
Photo (A) (μmol CO2m−2s−1)
8.24 ± 1.30a
6.69 ± 1.72a
8.25 ± 1.43a
8.10 ± 1.80a
7.74 ± 1.45a
7.87 ± 0.27c’
8.01 ± 0.13bc’
8.35 ± 0.87ab’
8.11 ± 0.13abc’
8.49 ± 0.20a’
Cond. (gs) (mol H2Om−2s−1)
0.15 ± 0.08ab
0.12 ± 0.06b
0.19 ± 0.05a
0.11 ± 0.02b
0.12 ± 0.10a
0.09 ± 0.02b’
0.14 ± 0.03a’
0.15 ± 0.02a’
0.15 ± 0.02a’
0.15 ± 0.10a’
Trans. (E) (mmol H2Om−2s−1)
2.65 ± 1.09b
2.42 ± 0.96b
3.85 ± 0.57a
2.49 ± 0.50b
2.41 ± 0.83b
1.85 ± 0.22b’
3.64 ± 0.18a’
3.76 ± 0.27a’
3.67 ± 0.16a’
3.81 ± 0.22a’
Note. Treatments are FNPK–compound fertilizer control, FPJ–Fermented Plant Juice, FPJBC–Fermented Plant Juice incorporated with biochar and compost, FFJ–Fermented Fruit Juice, and FFJBC–Fermented Fruit Juice incorporated with biochar and compost (mean + SE, n = 15). Note. Means with the same letter superscript within rows are not statistically different using Tukey’s at probability level. Letters without prime represent year 2017 and single prime superscript represents year 2018.