State-of-the-Art Graphene Synthesis Methods and Environmental Concerns

Table 4

Summary of flash joule heating parameters for high-quality turbostratic graphene [76, 77, 87–89].

Starting material		Starting material preparation	Mass (grams)	Resistance (Ω)	Atmospheric condition	Capacitance (mF)	Pretreatment	Final discharge voltage (VDC)	Pulse duration (ms)
Carbon black		—	0.03	1.5	Atmospheric pressure or in a slight vacuum (10 mm Hg)	60	N/A	110	50
Rubber tire		Rubber tire is shredded and mixed with carbon black (95% and 5%, respectively)	0.5	Less than one hundred		60	—	140–150	500
		Tire is pyrolyzed to produce carbon black		—
Plastic	Polypropylene	Pyrolysis at 450°C	0.4	15		60	The pyrolysis ash is subjected to 50 V, 70 V and 90 V for 450 ms each	160	450
	Mixture of plastic waste	Plastic waste is grinded and mixed with 5% carbon black	0.1	1		60	The plastic waste mixture is subjected to 120 VAC, 60 Hz for 8 seconds in a vacuum desiccator	110	500