The human gut is colonized by a variety of microorganisms especially bacteria. There are multiple evidences that gut microflora dysbiosis is a novel risk factor for development of various intestine-related diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease as well as nonintestinal diseases including obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. A mutual relationship among the host’s immune system and the metabolites produced by the gut microflora, including trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and bile acids, is present. Alterations in the host-microbial interaction lead to impaired homeostasis and thus contribute towards the activation of several pathways that causes progression of cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes the role of gut microflora dysbiosis in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by TLR activation, intracellular Ca2+ release, FXR-induced signalling, and decreased removal of cholesterol from peripheral macrophages, while in hypertension the mechanism involved is prolonged haemodynamic effects of angiotensin-II and oxLDL-induced hypertension. In fact, CVDs are the leading cause of mortality across the globe; thus, targeting the gut microflora in the treatment of these diseases along with the conventional therapy can markedly reduce the cardiovascular disease burden. The gut microbiota-targeted treatment including prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics can be therapeutically beneficial. In future, the heart-gut axis can be presented as a novel and clinically relevant area for research.

Taranjit Singh

Gagandeep Kaur

Ashmeen Kaur

Dysbiosis—An Etiological Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases and the Therapeutic Benefits of Gut Microflora

More focus is being paid to the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota and human health. The microbiota-gut-brain axis was created as a result of the intricate networks and connections between the gastrointestinal bacteria and the host, highlighting the significant impact that this environment may have on brain health and central nervous system problems. To communicate with the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal, autonomic, immune, neuroendocrine, and neuroendocrine systems engage in a bidirectional interaction with the microbiota. Through a number of neurological processes, including stimulation of the altered neurotransmitter function, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immune system activity, changes in this network may have an impact on both health and sickness. Anxiety and sadness are two neuropsychiatric conditions that may be impacted by the microbiota-gut-brain axis, according to a recent study. Numerous host disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and inflammation, have already been related to alterations in the gut microbiota’s makeup. In this article, the effects of the gut microbiota on the functioning of the central nervous system are examined, with a focus on the symptoms of anxiety and depression. After examining how stress affects the autonomic, neuroendocrine, immunological, and neurotransmitter systems, modern gastrointestinal-based therapies stress the importance of the microbiome in the prevention and treatment of brain-based diseases including anxiety and depression.

Madiha Khan Niazi

Farooq Hassan

Tabussam Tufail

Muhammad Amjed ismail

Khadija Riaz

The Role of Microbiome in Psychiatric Diseases (Insomnia and Anxiety/Depression) with Microbiological Mechanisms

Drug-related liver injury (DILI) is increasing in the incidence of liver injury due to nonviral liver disease and has become a health problem that should not be underestimated. As a hot research topic in recent years, gut microbiota have been studied in various tumors, cardiovascular metabolic diseases, and human immunity. However, there is still a lack of research related to gut microbiota and DILI. It is known that they can influence each other through the regulation of the “gut-liver axis,” and the relationship between them and the possible mechanisms of action are still at the research stage. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene polymorphisms are closely related to the development of DILI, and the gene can also affect changes in the composition of gut microbes. In this paper, we review the possible relationships and mechanisms between DILI and gut microbiota in order to provide new research directions for the prevention and treatment of DILI in the future. In the future, untargeted therapies using antibiotics, probiotics, or FMT will be replaced by personalised and precision medicine approaches, such as bioengineered bacterial strains or drugs that modulate specific bacterial enzymes and metabolic pathways.

Yuanyuan Su

Ning Lu

Qian Li

Hua Wen

Xiao Qin Zhang

Mingxin Zhang

Gut Microbiota and Drug-Related Liver Injury: Challenges and Perspectives

Gastrointestinal disease is characterized by gastrointestinal dysfunction with dysbiosis of the microbiome. Probiotics may act as biological agents in treating gastrointestinal diseases through modifying gut microbiota. However, several challenges, including safety, stress resistance, postcolonization quantification, and evaluation models, may hinder the application of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases. This review introduces the emerging methods for delivering probiotics as well as available materials. Furthermore, we elucidated bacteriocins and their role in helping probiotics obtain a competitive advantage over other strains and challenges of large-scale application. Bacteriocins produced by probiotics also showed promising efficacy in gastrointestinal diseases including the capacity of immune stimulation, intestinal barrier protection, and cytotoxicity against intestinal tumorigenesis. For the quantification of probiotics in complex microbiomes and evaluation methods of probiotic encapsulated delivery systems, recent fluorescent labeling technology and various in vitro and in vivo models were also reviewed. Given the widespread use of probiotic agents in the microecological therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, further understanding of the multiple challenges of probiotic application and the updated methods to improve the colonization and evaluation system of probiotics is of great significance for probiotics as live biotherapeutics.

William Wolfe

Ze Xiang

Xi Yu

Ping Li

Hao Chen

Mingfei Yao

Yiqiu Fei

Yilun Huang

Yeshi Yin

Hang Xiao

The Challenge of Applications of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal Diseases

Emerging evidence highlights the role in the gut microbiota (GM), integral parts of the gut-brain axis, and plays in developing various complications in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The link between the GM and disease can be actively utilized in the diagnosis of poststroke complications. AIS-GM cohort is a prospective study focusing on the link between gut microbial signature and adverse outcomes in patients with AIS. From September 2020 to July 2021, a total of 507 AIS patients were enrolled, their clinical baseline data and faeces samples during hospitalization were collected, and poststroke outcomes were evaluated by a variety of questionnaires. At present, 395 faeces samples of AIS patients completed were collected, analyzed the composition of microbiota, and tracked the prognosis and neuropsychiatric complications of AIS patients. After the patient was discharged, the out-of-hospital follow up was conducted on the 90th days, then repeated once a year, which included the collections of fecal and blood samples and measurements of poststroke outcomes. AIS-GM cohort could provide an opportunity to observe the dynamic changes of GM after stroke. AIS-GM cohort contributes to deep understanding of risk factors for AIS and the relationship between GM and AIS outcomes. AIS-GM cohort can be used as a new tool to assess the prognosis of stroke and further predict the development of disease.

Huijia Xie

Junmei Zhang

Qilu Gu

Qiuyan Yu

Lingzi Xia

Shanshan Yao

Jiaming Liu

Jing Sun

Cohort Profile: A Prospective Study of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

About this journal

Advanced Gut &amp; Microbiome Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles related to all aspects of fundamental and applied research on gastroenterology, microbiology and their interactions.

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Chief Editor, Prof Zongxin Ling, is the Principal Investigator of the Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases at Zhejiang University. Dr Ling's research focuses on the&nbsp;cross-talk between host and microbiota in human diseases.

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Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research - Table of contents 2023

Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research | Hindawi

title

Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles related to all aspects of fundamental and applied research on gastroenterology, microbiology and their interactions.

Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research