A Comprehensive Study of the Discovery Potential of NO<i>ν</i>A, T2K, and T2HK Experiments

Soumya, C.; Deepthi, K. N.; Mohanta, R.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9139402

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 9139402 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9139402

A Comprehensive Study of the Discovery Potential of NOνA, T2K, and T2HK Experiments

C. Soumya,¹K. N. Deepthi,¹and R. Mohanta¹

Academic Editor: Filipe R. Joaquim

Received09 Nov 2015

Revised22 Jan 2016

Accepted28 Jan 2016

Published29 Feb 2016

Abstract

With the recent measurement of reactor mixing angle the knowledge of neutrino oscillation parameters has improved significantly except the CP violating phase , mass hierarchy, and the octant of the atmospheric mixing angle . Many dedicated experiments are proposed to determine these parameters which may take at least 10 years from now to become operational. It is therefore very crucial to use the results from the existing experiments to see whether we can get even partial answers to these questions. In this paper we study the discovery potential of the ongoing NOA and T2K experiments as well as the forthcoming T2HK experiment in addressing these questions. In particular, we evaluate the sensitivity of NOA to determine neutrino mass hierarchy, octant degeneracy, and after running for its scheduled period of 3 years in neutrino mode and 3 years in antineutrino mode. We then extend the analysis to understand the discovery potential if the experiments will run for () years and () years. We also show how the sensitivity improves when we combine the data from NOA, T2K, and T2HK experiments with different combinations of run period. The CP violation sensitivity is marginal for T2K and NOA experiments even for ten-year data taking of NOA. T2HK has a significance above for a fraction of two-fifths values of the space. We also find that can be determined to be better than 35°, 21°, and 9° for all values of for T2K, NOA, and T2HK respectively.

1. Introduction

The discovery of neutrino oscillations has firmly established that neutrinos are massive. It has marked the beginning of many neutrino oscillation experiments. The mixing of three neutrino flavors can be described by Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix [1, 2], which is parameterized in terms of three rotation angles , , and and three CP violating phases, one Dirac type () and two Majorana types ( and ). The neutrino oscillation data accumulated over many years allows us to determine the solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters with very high precision. Recently, the reactor mixing angle has been measured precisely [3–7] with a moderately large value, quite close to its previous upper bound. The observation of the largish value of has attracted a lot of attention in recent times to understand the mixing pattern in the lepton sector. Furthermore, it also opens up promising prospects for the observation of leptonic CP violation [8, 9]. As is nonzero, there could be CP violation in the lepton sector, analogous to the quark sector, provided the CP violating phase is not vanishingly small.

The current results from recent neutrino oscillation experiments [10–13] and their global analysis [14–17] performed by several groups have implied that the minimal three-neutrino framework is adequate to describe the observed oscillation phenomenology. The best-fit values and the ranges of the oscillation parameters from [17] are presented in Table 1.

Another important discovery in recent times is the precision measurement of by MINOS experiment [18], which is found to be nonmaximal. Using the complete set of accelerator and atmospheric data they disfavored the maximal mixing by . They obtained the best-fit value for the mixing angle as , known as lower octant (LO) and , the so-called higher octant (HO) values.

With these exciting discoveries of nonzero and nonmaximal , the focus of neutrino oscillation studies has now been shifted towards the determination of other unknown parameters. These include the determination of mass hierarchy, octant of the atmospheric mixing angle , discovery of CP violation, and the magnitude of the CP violating phase . In this paper we would like to investigate the prospects of addressing these issues with the off-axis long-baseline experiments T2K, NOA, and T2HK with updated experimental specifications. The experimental specifications of these experiments are briefly described below.(i)NOA [19, 20] is an off-axis long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment designed to study appearance measurements using Fermilab NuMI muon neutrino beam (). Its secondary aim is to precisely measure disappearance parameters. It uses a high intensity proton beam with a beam power of 0.7 MW with POT/year. Its detector is a 14 kt totally active liquid scintillator detector (TASD) located at Ash River, 810 km from Fermilab. The detector is located slightly off the centerline (14 mrad) to the neutrino beam where one can find a large flux of neutrinos of 2 GeV energy. The oscillation from is expected to be maximum at this energy. It is scheduled to run 3 years in mode followed by 3 years in mode. The detector properties of NOA considered in our simulations are taken from [21] with the following characteristics as given in Table 2.(ii)T2K (Tokai-to-Kamiokande) is a currently running long-baseline experiment designed to study neutrino oscillations. An intense beam of 0.77 MW power is directed from J-PARC to Super-Kamiokande detector, 295 km away. It has a 22.5 kt water Cherenkov detector. The details of T2K experiment can be found in [22]. We have considered input files for T2K from the General Long-Baseline Experiment Simulator (GLoBES) package [22–24] and the updated experimental description of T2K is taken from [25]. We have matched our results with the ones presented in [25]. In this analysis, we have used () running modes for T2K.(iii)T2HK (Tokai-to-Hyper-Kamiokande) is a future long-baseline experiment which is expected to be operational around 2023. It can be considered a natural advancement to the ongoing T2K experiment. It has the same baseline and off-axis angle as T2K experiment. It uses J-PARC’s neutrino experimental facilities with an improved beam power (7.5 MW) and 1 Mt volume water Cherenkov detector, Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K). We have considered a fiducial volume of 0.56 Mt and beam power of 7.5 MW and other specifications are taken from [26]. Hence, T2HK will have high statistics of neutrino events compared to T2K. These features of T2HK make it one of the most sensitive experiment to probe neutrino CP violation. The input files for T2HK are obtained from GLoBES package [22–24]. The primary objective of this experiment is the discovery of CP asymmetry.

Since these experiments use beam and also will run in antineutrino mode their main focus is to study the appearance and the disappearance channels along with their antineutrino counterparts. Since the leading term in the appearance channels and the corresponding antineutrino mode is proportional to and with the observation of moderately large value of , these experiments are well-suited for the determination of mass hierarchy and the octant of . Although the ongoing NOA and T2K experiments are not planned to measure or to explore CP violation in the neutrino sector, we would like to investigate whether it is possible to constrain the phase using the data from these two experiments. In other words, how much of the space can be ruled out by these experiments within the next 10 years? In particular, we would like to investigate(i)whether the combination of T2K () and NOA () provide more quantitative answer on the above posed questions than each one of these experiments,(ii)how the sensitivity on , mass hierarchy, and octant will improve if NOA runs for 10 years in the () and () combination of modes,(iii)the sensitivities of T2HK experiment for its scheduled run of 3 years in neutrino and 7 years in antineutrino mode.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we briefly describe the physics reach of these experiments. The prospect of octant resolution and mass hierarchy determination are discussed in Sections 3 and 4. Section 5 contains the CP violation discovery potential and the correlations between the CP violating phase and the mixing angles and . We summarize our results in Section 6.

2. Physics Reach

As discussed before, the determination of the mass hierarchy, octant of the atmospheric mixing angle and the search for CP violation in the neutrino sector are the important physics goals of the current and future oscillation experiments. A simple way to achieve the above three goals is to measure the oscillation probabilities and . This can be seen from the expression for probability of oscillation from [27–29], where we have kept terms only first order in and :where , , and . is the Fermi coupling constant and is the electron number density. The transition probability can be enhanced or suppressed depending on the oscillation parameters , , mass hierarchy, that is, the sign of and CP violation phase . Parameters , , and are sensitive to neutrino mass ordering. For neutrinos, is positive for normal hierarchy (NH) and negative for inverted hierarchy (IH), while its sign changes when we go from neutrino to antineutrino mode. Moreover, sign of is reversed for antineutrinos.

It should be noted from (1) that the leading term in the transition probability is proportional to . Therefore, the observed moderately large value of makes it possible for the current generation long-baseline experiments to address the problems of hierarchy and the octant of determination. The second term in (1) shows the prominence of matter effect on the oscillation probability. The dependency of all the terms on a moderately large reactor neutrino mixing angle suggests that NOA detector will be able to collect a good number of events.

First, we will try to see whether the energy spectrum information will help us in resolving the octant degeneracy and mass hierarchy. We use GLoBES package [30, 31] for the simulation to obtain the energy spectra. In our analysis, we consider the true values of oscillation parameters as provided in Table 3, unless mentioned otherwise.

Figure 1 shows the energy spectrum of the appearance probabilities for neutrino (left panel) and for antineutrino (right panel) for NOA experiment, where we have varied within the range to . In the upper panel the red (blue) band is for NH (IH). Furthermore, in each band the probability for and cases are shown explicitly by the magenta and green lines. Due to matter effect the probability increases for NH and decreases for IH and vice versa for . Thus, for lying in the lower half plane (LHP), that is, , is larger and, for in the upper half plane (UHP) (), is much lower. The situations reverse for the antineutrino probability . Thus, LHP is the favorable half plane for NH and UHP is for IH for neutrino mode. However, the most unfavorable condition is (NH, ) and (IH, ) as the bands almost overlap with each other for the entire energy range. In the lower panels of Figure 1, we show the energy spectrum of and for two different values of assuming NH to be true hierarchy. The blue band in both of the panels is for in the LO and red band is for in the HO. As can be seen from the figures the two bands overlap with each other for some values of and are distinct for others. The overlap regions are the unfavorable ones for the determination of the octant.

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(b)

(c)

(d)

3. Octant Resolution as a Function of

In this section we present the results of our analysis on octant sensitivity of for T2K, NOA, and T2HK experiments. We also show the results when the data from all the experiments are combined. Although the octant sensitivity of various long-baseline experiments has been discussed extensively by many authors [32–34], here we would like to revisit the octant resolution potential of these experiments with the updated specification details. For NOA, we consider its scheduled years of run, for T2K years of run, and for T2HK years of run. Furthermore, we also investigate the following situation: if NOA continues to run for the next 10 years what would be the potential for resolving octant degeneracy for as well as years of running? We also see the synergy between T2K, NOA, and T2HK experiments for their scheduled runs.

The indistinguishability of and is known as octant degeneracy. The relevant oscillation probability expressions for long-baseline experiments NOA, T2K, and T2HK with negligible matter effects are given asThe leading order term in the survival probability () depends on and one cannot distinguish between and . This kind of degeneracy that comes from the inherent structure of neutrino oscillation probability is called intrinsic octant degeneracy, whereas in the case of the degeneracy of the octant with the parameter comes into play, since it depends on the parameter combination . The values of in opposite octant for different values of and can have the same probabilities; that is, . This also gives rise to octant degeneracy.

Before presenting the main results, we would like to discuss what one can expect about the determination of mass hierarchy and octant of from the biprobability plots, that is, neutrino-antineutrino appearance event rates. Figure 2 shows versus events for all octant-hierarchy combinations. The blue curves are obtained by considering inverted hierarchy mass ordering and both of the values of ; that is, (LO) and 0.59 (HO). The red curves are obtained by considering normal hierarchy mass ordering and LO/HO values for . These ellipses are plotted by obtaining event spectra for () yrs, () yrs, and () yrs in and mode for all values of for NOA, T2K, and () yrs for T2HK. Each point on -axis (-axis) represents the number of events measured by the respective experiments in neutrino (antineutrino) mode. The top panel represents the ellipses for (), (), and () years of running in neutrino and antineutrino modes for T2K, the second panel represents the NOA event rates for (), (), and () years of run period, and the bottom panel represents the T2HK event rates for () years of run period. For T2K and T2HK experiments the ellipses of both normal and inverted mass orderings overlap with each other for both the octants whereas for NOA the overlap region is less (marginal) for LO (HO). Thus, it is very likely that the mass hierarchy and octant degeneracy could be probed better with the NOA experiment.

Before doing the simulation, here we would like to emphasize that the relation between atmospheric parameters and , measured in MINOS, and the standard oscillation parameters in nature are given as [35, 36] It is clear from the above relations that the observed value of moderately large significantly affects the oscillation parameters. So here we use corrected definitions of these parameters to analyze octant sensitivity. We allocate measured values and and calculate oscillation probabilities in terms of and .

We consider the true values of oscillation parameters given in Table 3 and vary the test values of in LO (HO) for true higher octant (lower octant). We also marginalize over in the range , in its full range, and in the range for NH. The parameters and have been kept fixed in the analysis and priors for and with and are also added.

We simulate the long-baseline experiments T2K and NOA using the GLoBES package. For T2K, we assume 3 years of running in neutrino mode and 2 years in antineutrino mode and for NOA, we consider 3 years of neutrino running followed by 3 years of antineutrino running. Furthermore, we also consider the case if NOA continues the data taking for ten years beyond its scheduled () years and perform the analysis for two possible combinations () and () years of running.

In Figure 3, we illustrate the ability of NOA experiment to determine the octant as a function of the true value of . The values of are evaluated using the standard rules as described in GLoBES. The green, red, and blue curves (in the bottom panel) represent the octant resolution of NOA with , , and yrs of runs in and modes, respectively. From Figure 3, it can be seen that, with only T2K data of () years of run, it is possible to resolve the octant degeneracy with significance if the true will lie around 0.41 (LO) or 0.59 (HO) and one can have a better sensitivity for NOA experiment with () yrs of run period. The significance increases significantly if we combine the data from both T2K and NOA as seen from the top panels. For ten years of NOA run, although we get a better sensitivity than that of () yrs of run, there is no significant difference between () yrs and () years of running.

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(b)

4. Mass Hierarchy Determination

Determination of neutrino mass hierarchy is one of the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics. The conventional method to achieve this is by using matter effects in very long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments, as the matter effects enhance the separation between oscillation spectra and, therefore, the event spectra between the normal and inverted hierarchy. In this section we describe the capabilities of T2K, NOA, and T2HK experiments for the determination of mass hierarchy.

The value of has been obtained by using the true parameters as listed in Table 3, except that of , which is taken to be 0.5. The true value of is varied within its full range, that is, in , and test value of is varied in IH (NH) range for true NH (IH). We also marginalize over and in their ranges and add prior to with .

In Figure 4, we present the hierarchy determination sensitivity of T2K, NOA, and T2HK as a function of true value of . We assume NH (IH) to be the true hierarchy in the left (right) panel. It can be seen that the wrong hierarchy can be ruled out quite effectively in the LHP (UHP) for NH (IH), which is basically the favorable half plane and in the other half plane the mass hierarchy cannot be determined effectively for T2K and NOA experiments. However, the combined data from these two experiments (T2K () and NOA ()) improves the situation significantly and the sensitivity increases to more than 1 for all values of . The mass hierarchy significance above has a coverage of 75% for T2HK experiment alone and 90% for combined data of T2K, NOA, and T2HK experiments.

(a)

(b)

Next, we would like to study the effect of octant on the MH sensitivity. We obtain the MH sensitivity by varying the true value of in LO (HO) which has been shown in Figure 5 where the red (blue) band in the top (bottom) panel corresponds to HO (LO). It is clear from the figure that the MH sensitivity is significantly large if the value of is in higher octant.

5. CP Violation Discovery Potential

Accelerator based long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments can address CP violation problem through the appearance channels of and . From (1) we can see that the CP violating effects due to are modified by all the three mixing angles and their combinations, thus resulting in an eightfold parameter degeneracy. In order to obtain the significance of CP violation sensitivity, we simulate the true event spectrum by keeping the true values of oscillation parameters as in Table 3 except for and vary the true value of in the range . We then compare those with test event spectrum for or and, thus, obtain the minimum . We consider the sign degeneracy of by marginalizing over it, in both NH and IH ranges. We also do marginalization over and in their and added prior for .

In Figure 6, we plot the sensitivity to rule out the CP conserving scenarios, as a function of true assuming NH (IH) to be the true hierarchy in the left panel (right panel). From the figure one can notice that T2K by itself has no CP violation sensitivity at 2 CL. For NOA with () years of running, there will be CP violation sensitivity above 1.5 level for about one-third of the CP violating phase space. Furthermore, the synergistic combination of NOA and T2K leads to much better CP violation sensitivity compared to the individual capabilities. Even the combination of NOA () and T2K () has comparable sensitivity as for 10-year running of NOA. Owing to the fact that main goal of T2HK experiment is to determine CP violation, one can see that it has a significance of above 5 CL for a fraction of two-fifths values of the CP violating phase space. This in turn boosts up the sensitivity when its data is added to NOA () yrs and T2K () yrs. From the plots in the lower panel, one can observe that the sensitivity of NOA increases slightly for 10 years of run time, with () combination having better sensitivity than that of () combination. From the figure, we can see that there is drop in the values in the half planes of , that is, in the region () for NH (IH). Marginalization over both the hierarchies causes this drop in the CPV sensitivity for unfavorable values of .

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(b)

In Figure 7, the left panel shows the 1 uncertainty of as a function of running time (in years) for true value of and the right panel shows the CP violation sensitivity as a function of running time. In both cases, the ratio of neutrino and antineutrino modes is fixed to 1 : 1 for T2K and NOA and 3 : 7 for T2HK. In this analysis, mass hierarchy is assumed to be unknown. Therefore, we have marginalized over both the hierarchies, and the result shown in Figure 7 is for the true hierarchy as normal hierarchy. From the left panel of the figure, we can see that the values of can be determined to be better than () for all values of for T2K (NOA). In the case of T2HK the values of can be determined to be better than for all values of . From the right panel, we can see that CP violation can be observed with more than 1 significance for 40 (75)% of the possible values of for T2K (NOA), whereas, for T2HK, CP violation can be observed with more than 1 significance for 80% of the possible values of .

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5.1. Correlation between and

The knowledge of reactor mixing angle plays a crucial role in the discovery potential of . The recent discovery of large value of has established the need to study and understand the dependency between and . In this subsection, we discuss the correlation between the oscillation parameters and . To obtain the confidence region, we have fixed the true values as in Table 3 and considered true for higher octant and true for lower octant, since the octant of is not known. We have varied the test value of in its range. In this analysis we have kept both true and test hierarchy as normal hierarchy.

Figure 8 shows the confidence regions in the plane for different combinations of T2K and NOA experiments. One can see from these figures that at 2 confidence level, the uncertainty in the knowledge of octant has a noticeable effect on the correlation between and .

5.2. Correlation between and

From the previous subsection, we can see that the uncertainty in has a very large impact on determination of neutrino oscillation parameters. Thus, it is important to understand the exclusive correlation between and while keeping the true values of rest of the oscillation parameters fixed. In this subsection, we discuss the correlation between the oscillation parameters and . For our analysis, we have kept true values of oscillation parameters as in Table 3. We vary the test values of and in their 3 ranges. The obtained results of the confidence regions in plane are shown in Figures 9 and 10 for different combinations of T2K and NOA experiments.

6. Summary and Conclusion

With the recent discovery of the last unknown reactor mixing angle , the mechanism of three-flavor neutrino mixing pattern is now well established. But still there are several issues related to neutrino oscillation parameters that remain open, namely, the absolute mass scale of neutrinos, determination of the mass hierarchy, octant of the atmospheric mixing angle , the magnitude of the CP violating phase , and the observation of CP violation in the neutrino sector. Therefore, the main focus of the current and future oscillation experiments is to provide answers to some of these unsolved questions.

In this paper, we have investigated the prospects of the determination of mass hierarchy, the octant of , and the observation of CP violation in the neutrino sector due to with the currently running accelerator based neutrino experiments NOA and T2K and the forthcoming T2HK experiment. As the reactor mixing angle is now known to be significantly large, the oscillation probability and its corresponding antineutrino counterpart are sensitive for the determination of mass hierarchy and octant. We found that T2K experiment with () years of running can resolve the octant degeneracy with nearly 2 CL if the true value of is around (LO) or (HO). The sensitivity increases to nearly with () years of running of NOA. However, if we combine the data from these two experiments the sensitivity increases significantly than the sensitivities of individual experiments. Furthermore, if we assume that NOA continues data taking for 10 years then octant degeneracy can be resolved with NOA experiment alone with more than significance. For the determination of mass hierarchy, it is also possible to rule out nearly one-third of the space at 3 CL if we use the synergy between NOA and T2K experiments. In this case the sensitivity increases significantly for ten years of running of NOA with (5 + 5) combination that is found to be more suitable than the combination of () years.

Measuring CP violation in the lepton sector is another important challenging problem today. We have also performed a systematic study of the CP sensitivity of the current long-baseline experiments T2K and NOA. Although these experiments are not planned to study leptonic CP violation, we analyze the synergies between these setups which may aid in CP violation discovery by constraining the value of . Although dedicated long-baseline experiments like DUNE, T2HK are planned to study CP violation in neutrino sector, we may have the first hand information on from these experiments much before those dedicated facilities are operational. We found that T2K by itself has marginal CP violation sensitivity at 1 CL. For NOA with () years of running there will be CP violation sensitivity above 1.5 level for about one-third of the CP violating phase space. The sensitivity increases slightly for 10 years of run time, with () combination having sensitivity compared to that of () combination. The data from T2HK experiment will improve the CPV sensitivity significantly. We have also found that the CP violating phase can be determined to be better than , , and for all values of for T2K, NOA, and T2HK experiments. We also obtained the confidence regions in the () plane for both T2K and NOA experiments.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

C. Soumya and K. N. Deepthi would like to thank University Grants Commission for financial support. The work of R. Mohanta was partly supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India, through Grant no. 03(1190)/11/EMR-II. The authors would like to thank Drs. S. K. Agarwalla and S. K. Raut for many useful discussions regarding GLoBES.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2016 C. Soumya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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