Impact of Scalar Leptoquarks on Heavy Baryonic Decays

Azizi, K.; Olgun, A. T.; Tavukoğlu, Z.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7435876

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Abstract Introduction Conclusion Appendix Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 7435876 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7435876

Impact of Scalar Leptoquarks on Heavy Baryonic Decays

K. Azizi,¹A. T. Olgun,²and Z. Tavukoğlu²

Academic Editor: Alexey A. Petrov

Received02 Jun 2017

Revised01 Aug 2017

Accepted29 Aug 2017

Published09 Oct 2017

Abstract

We present a study on the impact of scalar leptoquarks on the semileptonic decays of , , and . To this end, we calculate the differential branching ratio and lepton forward-backward asymmetry defining the processes , , and , with being or , using the form factors calculated via light cone QCD in full theory. In calculations, the errors of form factors are taken into account. We compare the results obtained in leptoquark model with those of the standard model as well as the existing lattice QCD predictions and experimental data.

1. Introduction

The physics of transitions based on at quark level constitute one of the main directions of the research in high energy and particle physics both theoretically and experimentally as new physics effects can contribute to such decay channels. The flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) transitions of , , and are among important baryonic decay channels that can be used as sensitive probes to indirectly search for new physics contributions. Particularly, the rare decay channel has been in the focus of much attention in recent years both theoretically and experimentally. The first measurement on the process has been reported by the CDF Collaboration [1] with signal events and a statistical significance of Gaussian standard deviations. Using the collisions data samples corresponding to and TeV collected by the CDF II detector, the differential branching ratio for the decay channel has been measured to be [1]. The differential branching fraction of decay channel has also been measured as at region by the LHCb Collaboration [2]. The LHCb Collaboration has also measured the lepton forward-backward asymmetries associated with this transition as at region [2]. The order of branching ratio in and as well as in and (for all leptons) indicates that these channels are all accessible at LHC (for details see [3–7]). We hope that with the RUN II data at the center of mass energy 13 TeV it will be possible to measure different physical quantities related to these FCNC loop level rare transitions in near future.

The LHC RUN II may provide opportunities to search for various new physics scenarios. One of the important new physics models that has been proposed to overcome the problems of some inconsistencies between the SM predictions and experimental data is the leptoquark (LQ) model. Hereafter, by LQ model we mean a minimal renormalizable scalar leptoquark model which will be explained in some details in next section. As an example for the LHC constraints and prospects for scalar leptoquarks explaining the anomaly see [8]. LQs are hypothetical color triplet bosons that couple to leptons and quarks [9]. LQs carry both baryon (B) and lepton (L) quantum numbers with color and electric charges. The spin number of a leptoquark state can be or , corresponding to a scalar leptoquark or vector leptoquark. If the leptoquarks violate both the baryon and lepton numbers, they are generally considered to be heavy particles at the level of GeV in order to prevent the proton decay. For more detailed information about leptoquark models and the recent experimental and theoretical progress, see [10–30].

In the light of progress about LQs, we calculate the differential branching ratio and lepton forward-backward asymmetry corresponding to , , and processes in a scalar LQ model. In the calculations, we use the form factors as the main inputs calculated from the light cone QCD sum rules in full theory. We also encounter the errors of the form factors to the calculations. We compare the regions swept by the LQ model with those of the SM and search for deviations of the LQ model predictions with those of the SM. We also compare the results with the available lattice predictions and experimental data.

The outline of this article is as follows. In next section, we present the effective Hamiltonian responsible for the transitions under consideration both in the SM and LQ models. In Section 3, we present the transition amplitude and matrix elements defining the above transitions. In Section 4, we calculate the differential decay rate and the lepton forward-backward asymmetry in the baryonic , , and channels and numerically analyze the results obtained. We compare the LQ predictions with those of the SM and existing lattice results and experimental data also in this section.

2. The Effective Hamiltonian and Wilson Coefficients

At the quark level the effective Hamiltonian, defining the above-mentioned based transitions, in terms of Wilson coefficients and different operators in SM is generally defined as [32, 33]where is the Fermi weak coupling constant, is the fine structure constant at mass scale, and are elements of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, , , and are the SM Wilson coefficients, and is the transferred momentum squared. Here the superscript “eff” refers to the shifts in the corresponding coefficients due to the effects of four-quark operators at large . The primed coefficients are ignored since the Hamiltonian does not receive any contribution from the corresponding operators in the SM. We collect the explicit expressions of the Wilson coefficients , , and in Appendix A.

Considering the additional contributions arising from the exchange of scalar leptoquarks, the effective Hamiltonian is modified. The modified Hamiltonian in LQ model is obtained from (1) by the replacements , , , and . Here, , , , and , with the superscript “tot” being referring to “total,” are new Wilson coefficients. These coefficients contain contributions from both the SM and LQ models. Note that the Wilson coefficients and remain unchanged compared to the SM. The new Wilson coefficients are given as (for details see, for instance, [20, 22–25]) where the coefficients and receive contributions from the exchange of the scalar leptoquarks but the primed Wilson coefficients and pick up contributions from the exchange of the scalar leptoquarks . Here we should remark that we consider the effects of the above two scalar leptoquarks on the Wilson coefficients since this representation does not allow for proton decay at tree-level. We do not consider the effects of the vector leptoquarks on the processes under consideration. Hence, in the present study we consider the minimal renormalizable scalar leptoquark models including one single additional representation of which guarantees that the proton does not decay. This requisite can only be satisfied by the models that have the representation of and scalar leptoquarks under the above gauge group (for details see, for instance, [18, 22]).

Thus the coefficients and are obtained as [20, 22–25]and the primed Wilson coefficients and are found as [20, 22–25]where and are the two components of doublet LQ, , with and being representing the masses of the components of the scalar leptoquarks (for details on the LQ interaction Lagrangian and corresponding notations see [34]). It is assumed that each individual leptoquark contribution to the branching ratio does not exceed the experimental result. Hereobtained via the fitting of the model parameters to the data [34]. In (5) we assumed that the contributions of the two components and are equal.

3. Transition Amplitude and Matrix Elements

Generally, the amplitude of the transition responsible for the , , and baryonic decays is provided with sandwiching the effective Hamiltonian between the initial and final baryonic states,where represents , , and baryons and corresponds to quark. To get the transition amplitude, we need to consider the following transition matrix elements parametrized in terms of twelve form factors in full QCD, that is, without any expansion in the heavy quark mass or large hadron energies:where and represent spinors of the initial and final states, respectively. and ( running from to ) are transition form factors. The values of these form factors corresponding to , , and transitions and calculated via light cone sum rules in full theory are taken from [3, 4] and [5], respectively (for form factors of channel calculated with different phenomenological models see also, for instance, [35–37]). These form factors are also available in lattice QCD in channel [31].

Using the above transition matrix elements in terms of form factors, we get the amplitude of the transitions , , and in the SM and LQ as where and and the calligraphic coefficients are collected in Appendix B.

4. Physical Observables

In this section we would like to calculate some physical observables such as the differential decay width, the differential branching ratio, and the lepton forward-backward asymmetry for the considered decay channels.

4.1. The Differential Decay Width

Using the decay amplitudes and transition matrix elements in terms of form factors, we find the differential decay rate defining the transitions under consideration in the LQ model aswhere is the lepton velocity, is the usual triangle function, , , and with being the angle between momenta of the lepton and in the center of mass of leptons. The calligraphic , , and functions are given in Appendix B.

4.2. The Differential Branching Ratio

Using the expression of the differential decay width, in this subsection, we numerically analyze the differential branching ratio in terms of for the decay channels under consideration. For this aim, we present the values of some input parameters and the quark masses in scheme used in the numerical analysis in Tables 1 and 2 [9]. Using the numerical values in these tables and the expressions presented in Appendix A, we find the values/intervals , , , , , , and for the corresponding Wilson coefficients. Since depend on , the above intervals for these coefficients denote the maximum and minimum values obtained varying in the physical region, that is, . In the case of coefficients with label “tot” the above intervals are obtained considering the intervals for related parameters in (5). Note that we will use directly the expressions of the Wilson coefficients in the numerical analyses instead of the above-mentioned values/intervals. We shall remark that the above-mentioned values/intervals for , , and are consistent with the ones obtained in [38–43] for Wilson coefficients using the global fits to data. We would also like to compare the intervals for four Wilson coefficients , , , and , which are relevant to the LQ model with the values extracted in [44] from experimental data on observables of in a scenario assuming uncorrelated independent contributions to these coefficients. In [44] the values , , , and are obtained. The comparison of the intervals obtained in the present study with those of [44] shows that our prediction on the range of exactly remains inside the interval obtained in [44]. For other coefficients although the values obtained in these works are comparable in some regions, we overall see considerable differences between the predictions of two studies. The difference in can be attributed to the fact that in [44] the authors use the data only in the interval to extract its value.

As we previously said, we use the values of form factors calculated via light cone QCD sum rules in full theory and available for all channels under consideration from [3–5]. These form factors are also available in lattice QCD in channel [31]. The differential branching ratios of decay channels under consideration on , in the SM and LQ models, at and lepton channels are plotted in Figures 1–6. Note that, in these figures, the form factors are encountered with their uncertainties in both models. The bands in LQ model are due to both the constrained regions of some parameters presented in (5) and errors of form factors. In these figures, we show the charmonia veto regions by the vertical shaded bands. We do not present the results for channel in the figures, because the predictions of channel are very close to those of the channel. In Figure 1, we also show the experimental data provided by LHCb [2] and lattice predictions [31]. From these figures it is clear that(i)the bands of differential branching ratios in terms of obtained in SM for all baryonic processes at both lepton channels remain inside the bands of the LQ model. The LQ model bands are wider and somewhere show considerable discrepancies from the SM predictions for all channels roughly at whole physical regions of ;(ii)the SM band for the differential branching fraction in channel roughly coincides with all the lattice predictions borrowed from [31]. This band also defines all the experimental data provided by the LHCb Collaboration except that in the interval , which can not be described by the SM. This datum coincides with the LQ band. As is also seen from this figure the lattice QCD predictions on the differential branching fraction in channel show considerable discrepancies with the experimental data in the interval .

4.3. The Lepton Forward-Backward Asymmetry

In this subsection, we present the results of the lepton forward-backward asymmetry () which is one of useful observables to search for NP effects. This quantity is defined as

In order to see how predictions of LQ scenario deviate from those of the SM, we plot the dependence of the lepton forward-backward asymmetry on for the channels under discussion in Figures 7–12. In Figure 7, we also present the measured values of the leptonic forward-backward-asymmetries by the LHCb Collaboration [2] as well as the lattice QCD predictions [31] in the decay channel. From these figures, we read that(i)in all decay channels the LQ model predictions demonstrate considerable discrepancies from the SM predictions;(ii)the SM band on the lepton forward-backward asymmetry in channel coincides with the existing lattice QCD predictions borrowed from [31];(iii)ignoring from the small intersection of the SM narrow bands with errors of the experimental data at very low and high values of , the LQ model, against the SM, can describe all data available in channel. The lattice QCD predictions in this channel also show sizable differences with the experimental data.

5. Conclusion

In the present work, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of the semileptonic , , and rare processes in the SM as well as the scalar leptoquark model. Using the parametrization of the matrix elements in terms of form factors calculated via light cone QCD sum rules in the full theory, we calculated the differential decay width and numerically analyzed the differential branching fraction and the lepton forward-backward asymmetry in terms of in different heavy baryonic decay channels for both and leptons in both scenarios. We compared the predictions of the LQ model on the considered physical observables with those of the SM and the existing lattice QCD predictions as well as experimental data in channel. We observed that the predictions of the LQ model in all channels show considerable discrepancies with those of the SM on both the differential decay width and lepton forward-backward asymmetry. The SM results for both the observables considered in the present study are consistent with the existing predictions of lattice QCD. Except the interval , the SM band describes the existing experimental data on the differential branching ratio in transition. The datum in coincides with the LQ model prediction.

In the case of lepton forward-backward asymmetry, the SM, overall, can not describe the experimental data existing in channel, while the LQ model band coincides with the experimental data.

More experimental data in as well as and with both leptons are needed to compare with the theoretical predictions. We hope that, with the RUN II data, it will be possible to measure different physical quantities related to such FCNC transitions at LHCb in near future. Comparison of the future experimental data with the theoretical predictions on different physical quantities in various decay channels can help us better explain some anomalies between the SM predictions and the experimental data. Any sizable discrepancy between the theoretical predictions on physical observables with the experimental data can be considered as an indication of new physics effects and may help us in the course of searching for the new particles like leptoquarks.

Note Added. When preparing this work we noticed that a part of our work, namely, the channel has been investigated in [34, 45] within the same framework. In these studies the authors use the form factors, as the main inputs, calculated in heavy quark effective theory while we use the form factors calculated via light cone QCD sum rules in full theory.

Appendix

A. The Wilson Coefficients

The Wilson coefficient in leading logarithm approximation in the SM is written by [46–49]whereThe functions and with are given as The parameter in (A.1) is defined as withwhere and . The coefficients and in (A.1) are also written by [47, 48] The Wilson coefficient in SM is given by [47, 48]where with . in the naive dimensional regularization (NDR) scheme is written as where , , , and [47–49]. The last term in (A.8) is ignored due to the negligible value of . In (A.7), is given as with The function is written as where or andThe coefficients () at scale are also written as [49]where are given as

Considering the resonances from family, we divide the allowed physical region into the following three regions in the case of the electron and muon as final leptons: , , In the case of , we have the following two regions: ,

The Wilson coefficient in the SM is given as

B. The Functions Used in Transition Amplitudes and Differential Decay Rate

The calligraphic coefficients used in the transition amplitudes of the considered processes are find as withThe functions , , and in the differential decay width are given as

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

K. Azizi acknowledges Doǧuş University for the financial support through Grant BAP 2015-16-D1-B04.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2017 K. Azizi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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