Modeling Dark Sector in Horndeski Gravity at First-Order Formalism

Santos, F. F.; Neves, R. M. P.; Brito, F. A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3486805

Advances in High Energy Physics

On this page

Abstract Introduction Conclusions Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Dark Matter and Dark Energy in General Relativity and Modified Theories of Gravity

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2019 | Article ID 3486805 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3486805

Modeling Dark Sector in Horndeski Gravity at First-Order Formalism

F. F. Santos,¹R. M. P. Neves,¹and F. A. Brito^1,2

Guest Editor: Cesar A. Vasconcellos

Received02 Jul 2019

Revised20 Aug 2019

Accepted26 Nov 2019

Published17 Dec 2019

Abstract

We investigate a cosmological scenario by finding solutions using first-order formalism in the Horndeski gravity that constrains the superpotential and implies that no free choice of scalar potential is allowed. Despite this, we show that a de Sitter phase at late-time cosmology can be realized, where the dark energy sector can be identified. The scalar field equation of state tends to the cosmological scenario at present time and allows us to conclude that it can simulate the dark energy in the Horndeski gravity.

1. Introduction

Ever since Einstein proposed the General Relativity, it has been supported by strong observational evidence in many astrophysical scenarios, namely, Eddington’s measurement of the deflection of light in 1919 and recent direct observation of gravitational waves by the LIGO collaboration [1, 2]. However, we still have fundamental problems that are not well-understood in General Relativity such as dark matter, dark energy, and the inflationary phase of the Universe. In recent years, models have been proposed involving modifications of General Relativity [3, 4]. In such modifications, some of its essential properties are maintained such as a second order of the equations of motion arising from a diffeomorphism-invariant action and keeping the Lorentz invariance. Due to these assumptions, the additional propagating degrees of freedom into the gravity sector consist of including additional fields (scalars, vectors, or tensors) [5]. These modifications of the gravity theory taking into account nonminimal couplings between geometry and matter become one of the mainstream of modified gravity theories, and the applications of the nonminimal couplings of matter with gravity provide a way to solve the cosmological constant problem [6, 7] and accelerated expansion of the Universe [8, 9]—see also alternative theories, for instance, involving late-time [10, 11] and early-time acceleration (inflation) [12] in the context of supergravity.

Recent investigations about Einstein gravity have called attention for the coupling of the theory to scalar fields [13]. These efforts led to the development of the well-known Galileons that are scalar-tensor theories [14]. Indeed, these studies have led to the rediscovery of the Horndeski gravity.

The Horndeski gravity was originally discovered in 1974 [5, 15–18]. It is a general single scalar field-tensor theory with second-order field equations and second-order energy-momentum tensor. The Lagrangian-producing second-order equations of motion as discussed in [4, 16, 18–22] include four arbitrary functions of the scalar field and its kinetic term [3, 23]. The term that we are interested in includes a nonminimal coupling between the standard scalar kinetic term and the Einstein tensor. Besides the cosmological interest, recent investigation has also called attention in astrophysics, such as the search for black hole solutions which develop Hawking-Page phase transitions at a critical temperature [18]. Other examples of spherically symmetric solutions in Horndeski theory in the context of the solar system and further astrophysical scenarios can also be found, for instance, in the study of perihelion shift and light bending [24] and in the issues involving properties of spinning gyroscope and the Gravity Probe B experiment [25]. Some applications in astrophysical compact objects have also been considered in [26, 27].

An interesting problem in the cosmological scenario is the cosmological constant problem that is related to the discrepancy between the natural scale and its measured value. As discussed in [28], it is possible to address this problem by using a self-tuning mechanism, which has been analyzed in the original Horndeski theory for the so-called Fab Four theory [29, 30]. However, more analyses of the cosmological self-tuning and the local solutions in the context beyond Horndeski theories can be found in [31].

In the cosmological scenario, the Horndeski cosmological models are able to screen the vacuum energy coming from any field theory in a space that should be a de Sitter vacuum [32, 33]. In these models, we can understand that the current accelerated expansion of the Universe is a dynamical result evolution of a de Sitter attractor [34]. In this sense, the Horndeski models involving a de Sitter critical point for any kind of material content may provide a mechanism to alleviate the cosmological problem [35]. Thus, the models involving nonminimal derivative couplings to gravity have been explored in a variety of extended theories of gravity [36]. These models show peculiar features, for example, an essential mixing of scalar and tensor kinetic terms, named kinetic braiding, and possessing a rich cosmological phenomenology that includes a late-time asymptotic de Sitter state that allows a phantom-divide line crossing with neither ghost nor gradient instabilities.

In this work, we consider the Horndeski theory in the cosmological context by using the first-order equation formalism that was presented recently for Horndeski gravity in a brane world scenario [17]. We investigate the second-order equations through the first-order formalism because, in general, one simplifies the study of analytical or numerical solutions. Moreover, the first-order equation formalism is a fundamental tool in the renormalization group (RG) flow in holographic cosmology [37–40]. In our case, we consider the Friedmann equations without curvature and assume dark energy dominance. In particular, the inflationary context was analyzed by considering a power-law potential and using the dynamical system method to investigate the possible asymptotical regimes of the model [41]. It was shown that for sloping potentials, there exists a quasi-de-Sitter phase corresponding to the early inflationary Universe. In our investigations, by considering numerical methods, we show that kink-type solutions of first-order equations represent a de Sitter Universe. We address several important issues in cosmological observables, such as the Hubble function, the deceleration parameter, and the dark energy equation of state. We investigate their evolution at small redshifts for a general scalar potential written in terms of a superpotential. Furthermore, as shown in [42], the Horndeski action in the Friedmann frame without scalar potential cannot describe the dark matter and dark energy, due the instability, and also by constraint of gravity waves, the scalar field on the background evolution is negligible, and the presence of this field becomes unnecessary for explaining the dark matter and dark energy. In our case, however, the nature of the scalar potential in the Horndeski gravity in the Friedmann frame is much more satisfactory for describing dark energy.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we present the first-order formalism in Horndeski theory with a scalar potential given in terms of an implicit superpotential obtained numerically. In Section III, we use the numerical method to find cosmological solutions that represent a de Sitter Universe. In Section IV, we discuss the following cosmological observables: the Hubble function, the deceleration parameter, and the dark energy equation of state at small redshifts. Finally, in Section V, we present our conclusions.

2. The Horndeski Gravity with a Scalar Potential

In our present investigation, we shall address the study of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) solutions in the framework of the Horndeski gravity [13, 15–18, 43] in which action with a scalar potential reads

Note that we have a nonminimal scalar-tensor coupling where we can define a new field . This field has dimension of and the parameters and control the strength of the kinetic couplings; is dimensionless and has dimension of . Thus, the Einstein-Horndeski field equations can be formally written as in the usual way: where with , and the scalar field equation is given by

We shall adopt the notation . In particular, . The aforementioned energy-momentum tensors and take the following form:

Here, we are interested in investigating the cosmological implications of theories with extended nonminimal derivative couplings. Considering the flat FRW metric of the form the scalar field depends on the cosmic time only, and computing the -component of the Einstein-Horndeski field equation (2) gives

The Friedmann equation can be readily found from this equation and reads as

Now, we use the first-order formalism by assuming [11, 44, 45] where the superpotential plays a central role. Through these equations and equation (7), we can write the scalar potential as follows:

Notice the scalar potential is similar to that found in the brane world scenario [17]. Now, we proceed with the ---components of equation (2) which are given by

The scalar field equation (3) in the FRW background is written in the form and for reduces to the form found in [22]. Now, combining equation (6) with equation (10), we can write a differential equation for the superpotential: where . There is a family of analytical solutions for the homogeneous case given in terms of trigonometric functions:

From equation (8), we can find an approximated solution, for and ; e.g., the limit of one of the functions is very small. Here, we assume for a cosmological time around a time scale , to find an acceptable cosmological solution for the accelerating Universe:

As we shall see below, for arbitrary values of , we should apply numerical methods to find exact solutions for equations (8) and (12).

3. Numerical Solutions

The pair of first-order equations can be solved numerically for a broader range of Horndeski parameter values as long as we assume appropriate boundary conditions. In Figure 1, we show the behavior of the scalar field with a “kink” profile (a) and scale factor (b) associated with the FRW solutions for with and (blue curve) and with and (red curve). These regimes of small and are required to produce acceptable cosmological solutions. Of course, these choices of parameters lead to a nonhomogeneous limit of equation (12) where no analytical solutions are known. Thus, we shall find such cosmological solutions by using numerical methods. In the present case, we have applied the Runge-Kutta method to first-order equation (8) for and and second-order equation (12) for . The boundary conditions we used here were the following: , , and .

(a)

(b)

4. Cosmological Observables

In this section we investigate cosmological observables in our cosmological setup in Horndeski gravity. Several studies in this context have already been considered and shown to produce successful models [21, 22, 46], as, for example, in the description of dark energy [22].

We extend these earlier studies in the context of the first-order formalism, which is in the direction of connecting them with cosmological scenarios in fundamental theories such as supergravity and string theory where de Sitter solutions are hard to find. One of the recent approaches in order to overcome such difficulty is the holographic renormalization group (RG) flow which is written in terms of first-order equations for a given superpotential [37–40]. The first-order formalism has also been applied, e.g., in and gravity [47, 48], but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time where it is investigated in Horndeski cosmology. In our study, the scalar potential cannot be arbitrary since it depends on the superpotential that obeys a differential equation which constrains the possible cosmological scenarios. Despite this, as we shall see below, there exists some restricted values of parameters that allow describing the current acceleration of the Universe. Thus, we shall assume a dark energy dominance described by the scalar field dynamics at small redshifts.

Let us first focus on the equation of state.

Then, by using the energy-momentum tensor of equation (2) defined as the and ---components define the effective dark energy sector with energy density and pressure: where . To check consistency, it is interesting to see that using equations (8) and (9), the energy density satisfies , as expected. Thus, the dark energy equation of the state is given by

In terms of the dark energy density and pressure, the scalar field equation can be written in the standard form through the energy-momentum conservation, , that implies

This result (19) is in agreement with [46]. We may now compute another interesting cosmological quantity called decelerate parameter , which indicates how the Universe expansion is accelerating and is given by the equation

Furthermore, combining equation (19) with , we can write a useful relationship between the deceleration parameter and the equation of state as follows:

From this point, we shall make use of the dimensionless redshift parameter in place of time variable in our cosmological setup since it is used to compare theoretical with observational results. The redshift parameter is defined as

Thus, time derivatives can now be expressed as and the first-order equation (8) can simply be rewritten in the new variable in the form

The numerical results are also computed for equation (18) given in terms of the superpotential

We summarize as follows. According to Figure 2(b) the dark energy equation of state (25) acquires values near −0.87 (blue curve).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Notice that our cosmological observables here were calculated only in the scalar-tensor sector of the Horndeski gravity given by the action (1) with no matter contribution. This sector alone is unable to take into account all phases of the Universe at high redshifts. Thus, we addressed only the dark energy (scalar) dominance at low redshifts. But investigations considering matter contribution to extension of this theory with several scalar potentials were already considered in [46]. Such a similar investigation in our model is out of the scope of this paper and can be addressed elsewhere. On the other hand, an inflationary phase can be found for a constant superpotential that satisfies (12). The first-order equation (8) gives the solution and , which characterizes an exponential inflation with equation of state .

Moreover from equation (25) and using the exact solution of the superpotential given by equation (13), we can see that the equation of state , since in the assumed limit , this function is dominated by the following term:

This is one of the advantages of the Horndeski gravity, where a phantom-like behavior is obtained even though the scalar field has canonical dynamics. This effect is simply achieved due to the nonminimal coupling of the scalar field to gravity in the gravitational extension of the Einstein-Horndeski gravity [46]. It is important to address the phantom cosmology issues since recent observational data [49] have shown the possibility of .

The Hubble function in Figure 2(c) develops an increasing behavior between the onset at and (blue curve). This fact indicates a dark energy phase dominance starting in a relatively recent time of the cosmological evolution of the Universe. The scalar field in Figure 2(d) evolves accordingly, approaching a constant at (blue curve and red curve) which represents a de Sitter Universe [46].

Furthermore, as we can see from Figure 2(a) that or −0.7 is consistent with supernova observations that reveal [50].

5. Conclusions

In the present study, we have taken the advantage of the first-order formalism in the Horndeski cosmology. This formalism applied to Horndeski gravity as well as to and theories [47, 48] is concerned in reducing the equations of motion to first-order equations, which simplifies the solution of the problem from both analytical and numerical perspectives. Besides, the first-order formalism plays an important role in RG flow in holographic cosmology [37–40]. Our numerical solutions showed a good agreement with the current phase of the Universe, where the Hubble parameter as a function of the redshift has a behavior similar to the one found in [49]. By using first-order formalism supported by a constrained superpotential in the Horndeski gravity for the FRW background, we have shown by using numerical methods that late-time cosmology is well described by the scalar field. The solutions correspond to an accelerating Universe for small redshifts, which is in agreement with the current observational data that is usually associated with a phenomenon driven by a dark energy fluid. The scalar field nonminimally coupled to the gravity sector produces kink-type solutions which render a de Sitter Universe at late-time cosmology, reproducing a dark energy scenario in Horndeski gravity at first-order formalism.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank CNPq, CAPES, and CNPq/PRONEX, for partial financial support. FAB acknowledges support from CNPq (Grant no. 312104/2018-9). We also thank M. Rinaldi for useful discussions in the early stages of this work.

References

G. Papallo, Causality and the Initial Value Problem in Modified Gravity, University of Cambridge, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site
B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott et al., “Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 116, no. 6, p. 061102, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Zumalacárregui and J. García-Bellido, “Transforming gravity: from derivative couplings to matter to second-order scalar-tensor theories beyond the Horndeski Lagrangian,” Physical Review D, vol. 89, no. 6, p. 064046, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Cisterna, M. Hassaine, J. Oliva, and M. Rinaldi, “Axionic black branes in the k-essence sector of the Horndeski model,” Physical Review D, vol. 96, no. 12, p. 124033, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Heisenberg, “A systematic approach to generalisations of general relativity and their cosmological implications,” Physics Reports, vol. 796, no. 1, pp. 1–113, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. D. Dolgov and M. Kawasaki, “Realistic cosmological model with dynamical cancellation of vacuum energy,” 2003, arXiv preprint astro-ph/0307442.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Mukohyama and L. Randall, “Dynamical approach to the cosmological constant,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 92, no. 21, p. 211302, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. I. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, “Gravity assisted dark energy dominance and cosmic acceleration,” Physics Letters B, vol. 599, no. 3-4, pp. 137–142, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Allemandi, A. Borowiec, M. Francaviglia, and S. D. Odintsov, “Dark energy dominance and cosmic acceleration in first-order formalism,” Physical Review D, vol. 72, no. 6, p. 063505, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Brito, F. F. Cruz, and J. F. N. Oliveira, “Accelerating universes driven by bulk particles,” Physical Review D, vol. 71, no. 8, article 083516, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Bazeia, F. A. Brito, and F. G. Costa, “First-order framework and domain-wall/brane-cosmology correspondence,” Physics Letters B, vol. 661, no. 2-3, pp. 179–185, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Santos, M. Benetti, J. S. Alcaniz, F. A. Brito, and R. Silva, “CMB constraints on β-exponential inflationary models,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2018, no. 03, p. 023, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Brito and F. F. Santos, “Black branes in asymptotically Lifshitz spacetime and viscosity/entropy ratios in Horndeski gravity,” 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.06770.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, and E. Trincherini, “Galileon as a local modification of gravity,” Physical Review D, vol. 79, no. 6, p. 064036, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. W. Horndeski, “Second-order scalar-tensor field equations in a four-dimensional space,” International Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 363–384, 1974.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Cisterna and C. Erices, “Asymptotically locally AdS and flat black holes in the presence of an electric field in the Horndeski scenario,” Physical Review D, vol. 89, no. 8, p. 084038, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. A. Brito and F. F. Dos Santos, “Braneworlds in Horndeski gravity,” 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.08196.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Anabalon, A. Cisterna, and J. Oliva, “Asymptotically locally AdS and flat black holes in Horndeski theory,” Physical Review D, vol. 89, no. 8, p. 084050, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Van Acoleyen and J. Van Doorsselaere, “Galileons from lovelock actions,” Physical Review D, vol. 83, no. 8, p. 084025, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Deffayet, X. Gao, D. A. Steer, and G. Zahariade, “From k-essence to generalized Galileons,” Physical Review D, vol. 84, no. 6, p. 064039, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. R. Gomes and L. Amendola, “The general form of the coupled Horndeski Lagrangian that allows cosmological scaling solutions,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2016, no. 02, article 035, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Rinaldi, “Mimicking dark matter in Horndeski gravity,” Physics of the Dark Universe, vol. 16, no. 14, pp. 14–21, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Gleyzes, D. Langlois, F. Piazza, and F. Vernizzi, “Essential building blocks of dark energy,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2013, no. 08, article 025, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Bhattacharya and S. Chakraborty, “Constraining some Horndeski gravity theories,” Physical Review D, vol. 95, no. 4, p. 044037, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Mukherjee and S. Chakraborty, “Horndeski theories confront the Gravity Probe B experiment,” Physical Review D, vol. 97, no. 12, p. 124007, 2018.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Brihaye, A. Cisterna, and C. Erices, “Boson stars in biscalar extensions of Horndeski gravity,” Physical Review D, vol. 93, no. 12, p. 124057, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Cisterna, T. Delsate, L. Ducobu, and M. Rinaldi, “Slowly rotating neutron stars in the nonminimal derivative coupling sector of Horndeski gravity,” Physical Review D, vol. 93, no. 8, p. 084046, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Babichev, C. Charmousis, D. Langlois, and R. Saito, “Beyond Fab Four,” Classical and Quantum Gravity, vol. 32, no. 24, p. 242001, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Charmousis, E. J. Copeland, A. Padilla, and P. M. Saffin, “Self-tuning and the derivation of a class of scalar-tensor theories,” Phys. Rev. D, vol. 85, no. 10, p. 104040, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Charmousis, E. J. Copeland, A. Padilla, and P. M. Saffin, “General second-order scalar-tensor theory and self-tuning,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 108, no. 5, p. 051101, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. Babichev and G. Esposito-Farese, “Cosmological self-tuning and local solutions in generalized Horndeski theories,” Physical Review D, vol. 95, no. 2, p. 024020, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Martin-Moruno, N. J. Nunes, and F. S. N. Lobo, “Horndeski theories self-tuning to a de Sitter vacuum,” Physical Review D, vol. 91, no. 8, p. 084029, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Martin-Moruno and N. J. Nunes, “Accelerating universe as a result of an adjustment mechanism,” International Journal of Modern Physics D, vol. 24, no. 12, p. 1544018, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Martín-Moruno, N. J. Nunes, and F. S. N. Lobo, “Attracted to de Sitter: cosmology of the linear Horndeski models,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2015, no. 05, p. 033, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Martin-Moruno and N. J. Nunes, “Attracted to de Sitter II: cosmology of the shift-symmetric Horndeski models,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2015, no. 09, p. 056, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Deffayet, O. Pujolas, I. Sawicki, and A. Vikman, “Imperfect dark energy from kinetic gravity braiding,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2010, no. 10, p. 026, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. McFadden and K. Skenderis, “Holography for cosmology,” Physical Review D, vol. 81, no. 2, p. 021301, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Baumann, D. Green, and T. Hartman, “Dynamical constraints on RG flows and cosmology,” 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.10226.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Kiritsis and A. Tsouros, “de Sitter versus anti de Sitter flows and the (super)gravity landscape,” 2019, arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04546.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Kiritsis, “Asymptotic freedom, asymptotic flatness and cosmology,” Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2013, no. 11, article 011, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Skugoreva, S. V. Sushkov, and A. V. Toporensky, “Publisher’s note: cosmology with nonminimal kinetic coupling and a power-law potential [Phys. Rev. D88, 083539 (2013)],” Physical Review D, vol. 88, no. 10, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Casalino and M. Rinaldi, “Testing Horndeski gravity as dark matter with hi_class,” Physics of the Dark Universe, vol. 23, no. 100243, p. 100243, 2019.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. H. Feng, H. S. Liu, H. Lü, and C. N. Pope, “Black hole entropy and viscosity bound in Horndeski gravity,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2015, no. 11, article 2590, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Bazeia, C. B. Gomes, L. Losano, and R. Menezes, “First-order formalism and dark energy,” Physics Letters B, vol. 633, no. 4-5, pp. 415–419, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Bazeia, L. Losano, J. J. Rodrigues, and R. Rosenfeld, “First-order formalism for dark energy and dust,” European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 113–117, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Harko, F. S. N. Lobo, E. N. Saridakis, and M. Tsoukalas, “Cosmological models in modified gravity theories with extended nonminimal derivative couplings,” Physical Review D, vol. 95, no. 4, p. 044019, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. I. Afonso, D. Bazeia, R. Menezes, and A. Y. Petrov, “f(R)-Brane,” Physics Letters B, vol. 658, no. 1-3, pp. 71–76, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. H. R. S. Moraes and J. R. L. Santos, “A complete cosmological scenario from f(R,T^ø) gravity theory,” The European Physical Journal C, vol. 76, no. 2, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Aghanim, Y. Akrami, M. Ashdown et al., “Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters,” 2018, arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.06209.
View at: Google Scholar
A. G. Riess, A. V. Filippenko, P. Challis et al., “Observational evidence from supernovae for an accelerating universe and a cosmological constant,” The Astronomical Journal, vol. 116, no. 3, pp. 1009–1038, 1998.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2019 F. F. Santos et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

826

Downloads

880

Citations