Light Particle and Quark Chemical Potentials from Negatively to Positively Charged Particle Yield Ratios Corrected by Removing Strong and Weak Decays

Lao, Hai-Ling; Gao, Ya-Qin; Liu, Fu-Hu

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5064737

Advances in High Energy Physics

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Abstract Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Data Availability Ethical Approval Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 5064737 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5064737

Light Particle and Quark Chemical Potentials from Negatively to Positively Charged Particle Yield Ratios Corrected by Removing Strong and Weak Decays

Hai-Ling Lao,¹Ya-Qin Gao,²and Fu-Hu Liu¹

Academic Editor: Antonio J. Accioly

Received01 Jun 2019

Revised31 Jul 2019

Accepted11 Aug 2019

Published09 Jan 2020

Abstract

The yield ratios of negatively to positively charged pions (), negatively to positively charged kaons (), and anti-protons to protons () produced in mid-rapidity interval in central gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions, central lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions, and inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton-proton () collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions are analyzed in the present work. Over an energy range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV, the chemical potentials of light flavor particles (pion, kaon, and proton) and quarks (up, down, and strange quarks) are extracted from the mentioned yield ratios in which the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons are removed. Most energy dependent chemical potentials show the maximum at about 4 GeV, while the energy dependent yield ratios do not show such an extremum.

1. Introduction

The yield ratios of negatively to positively charged pions (), negatively to positively charged kaons (), and anti-protons to protons (), as well as the yield rations of other different particles are important quantities measured in experiments, where the symbol of a given particle is used for its yield for the purpose of simplicity. Based on the yield ratios, one can obtain the chemical freeze-out temperature () of interacting system and the chemical potential () of baryon in the framework of statistical thermal model [1–4]. In the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and describe together the phase transition from hadronic matter to quark-gluon plasma (QGP) or quark matter [4–7]. Except for , the chemical potentials of light particles (pion, kaon, and proton) and light quarks (up, down, and strange quarks) are also interesting and important in the studies of system evolution and particle production.

According to the statistical thermal model [1–4], to study the chemical potentials of light particles and quarks, we need the yield ratios of , , and at the stage of chemical freeze-out at which inelastic collisions stop. However, the data measured in experiments are usually at the stage of past chemical freeze-out or kinetic freeze-out at which the strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons contribute to the yield ratios [8], where the kinetic freeze-out is a stage of system evolution at which the probability density functions of particle momenta are invariant. To use the expression of and to obtain the chemical potentials of light particles and quarks in the framework of statistical thermal model [1–4], one should remove the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons to the yield ratios of , , and measured in experiments [8].

Presently, the yield ratios of , , and produced in nucleus-nucleus and proton-proton () collisions at high energies are available to collect [9] in experiments [6, 10–31]. Although the yield ratios in asymmetric collisions are also available, we analyze more simply the yield ratios in mid-rapidity interval in central gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) within its Beam Energy Scan (BES) program, in central lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and in inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton-proton () collisions at the SPS and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions at the SPS at its BES. These data are measured by some international collaborations over a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair () range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV [6, 10–31].

In this paper, we analyze the chemical potentials of light particles and quarks based on the yield ratios in the framework of statistical thermal model [1–4]. Comparing with our recent work [9], the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons to the yield ratios are removed. The energy dependent chemical potentials of light particles and quarks are obtained.

2. The Method and Formalism

To extract the chemical potentials of light particles and quarks, the yield ratios of , , and produced in Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and collisions at the AGS, SPS at its BES, RHIC at its BES, and LHC are needed, where the contributions of strong and weak decays to the yield rations should be removed. The same formula on the relation between the yield ratio and chemical potential are used in our previous work [9, 32] and the present work due to the standard and unified expression. This results in some repetitions which are ineluctable to give a whole representation of the present work.

In the framework of statistical thermal model of noninteracting gas particles with the assumption of standard Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics [1–4], based on the Boltzmann approximation in the employ of grand-canonical ensemble, one has empirically [4, 5, 33–35]

where is in units of GeV and the “limiting” temperature GeV. Meanwhile, based on the Boltzmann approximation and the relation to isospin effect, one has the relation among , , and chemical potential of proton to be [17, 36, 37]

Equations (1) and (2) are valid at the stage of chemical freeze-out which is earlier than the strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons.

Similar to Equation (2), , , and other two negatively to positively charged particles ( and ) with together are uniformly shown to be

where , , , , and ; denote the yield ratio of negatively to positively charged particle ; and denote the chemical potential of the particle .

To obtain chemical potentials of quarks, the five yield ratios, (, , , , and ), are enough. We shall not discuss the yield ratio of top quark related antiparticles and particles, top quark itself, and chemical potentials of top quark related particle and top quark due to the fact that the lifetimes of particles contained top quark are very short to be measured.

The chemical potential for quark flavor is denoted by , where , , , , and represent the up, down, strange, charm, and bottom quarks, respectively. The values of are then expected due to Equation (3). According to Refs. [38, 39], (, , , , and ) are expressed by and (, , , , and ) to be

According to Equations (3) and (4), of particle and of quark can be obtained in terms of or their combination to be

respectively.

Although we show formula on , , , and in Equations (3)–(6), there is no and are analyzed in the present work due to the limited data. The expressions on , , , and have only significance in methodology. In fact, the present work focuses only and of light flavor particles, , , and , as well as of light flavor quarks, , , and .

It should be noted that Equation (1) means a single- scenario for the chemical freeze-out. It is unambiguous that a two- or multi- scenario is also possible [40–44]. In the case of using the two-, we need for strange particles and for nonstrange particles. Thus, Equations (3)–(6) are revised to

respectively.

The multi- scenario will result in different chemical freeze-out temperature for emission of particles and . In the case of considering the multi- scenario, Equations (3)–(6) should be revised to

respectively.

In the actual treatment in the present work, we shall use the single- scenario due to the fact that Equation (1) is available in literature [4, 5, 33, 34]. The two- or multi- scenario has only significance in methodology, though they are also possible [40–44].

3. Results and Discussion

Figures 1(a)–1(c) present respectively the yield ratios, , , and , of negatively to positively charged particles produced in mid-(pseudo)rapidity interval in central Au-Au collisions, central Pb-Pb collisions, and INEL or NSD collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions. The circles, squares, triangles, and stars without , or the symbols with and without , denote the yield ratios quoted in literature. The detailed (pseudo)rapidity intervals, centrality ranges or collision types, and collision systems are listed in Table 1 with together collaborations and references. The circles, squares, triangles, and stars with , or the symbols with and , denote the yield ratios corrected to the primary production by removing the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons [8].

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1

Yield ratios, (a) , (b) , and (c) , of negatively to positively charged particles produced in mid-(pseudo)rapidity interval in central Au-Au collisions, central Pb-Pb collisions, and INEL or NSD collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions. The circles, squares, triangles, and stars without , or the symbols with and without , denote the yield ratios quoted in literature (see Table 1 for details). The circles, squares, triangles, and stars with , or the symbols with and , denote the yield ratios corrected to the primary production by removing the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons [8]. The curves are the results fitted by us for the dependent (see Equations (7)–(13) for details).

The solid (dotted) and dashed curves in Figure 1(a) are the results fitted by us for the dependent in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions without (with) the corrections of decays and in INEL or NSD collisions respectively. The solid (dotted) curves in Figures 1(b) and 1(c) are the results fitted by us for the dependent and respectively, for the combining central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions without (with) the corrections of decays and INEL or NSD collisions. One can see that, with the increase of , decreases obviously in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions and increases obviously in INEL or NSD collisions, and and increase obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions.

The solid, dotted, and dashed curves in Figure 1(a) can be empirically described by

respectively, with /dof ( per degree of freedom) to be 0.162, 0.392, and 1.559 respectively. The solid and dotted curves in Figure 1(b) can be empirically described by

respectively, with /dof to be 2.735 and 2.355 respectively. The solid and dotted curves in Figure 1(c) can be empirically described by

respectively, with /dof to be 7.715 and 5.323, respectively.

The differences between the yield ratios without and with the corrections of decays appear mainly over an energy range from a few GeV to 100 GeV, though the differences are not very large. In particular, the difference seems to be the largest at about 10 GeV. The limiting values of all the three yield ratios are one at very high energy. According to the functions Equations (7)–(13), by using Equations (5) and (6), the chemical potentials, , , and , of light particles, , , and , as well as the chemical potentials, , , and , of light quarks, , , and , can be obtained respectively.

The dependent , are shown in Figures 2(a)–2(c), respectively. The symbols denote the derivative data obtained from Figure 1 according to Equation (5), where different symbols correspond to different collaborations marked in the panels which are the same as Figure 1. Because of the chemical freeze-out temperature in collisions being unavailable, we use , , and in Equation (5) to obtain the derivative data in INEL or NSD collisions, in which the corresponding results are orderly denoted by normal, medium, and small symbols with diagonal crosses. One can see that a low chemical freeze-out temperature in collisions results in low chemical potentials.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 2

Chemical potentials, (a) , (b) , and (c) , of (a) , (b) , and (c) produced in mid-(pseudo)rapidity interval in central Au-Au collisions, central Pb-Pb collisions, and INEL or NSD collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions. The symbols denote the derivative data obtained from Figure 1 according to Equation (5). The normal, medium, and small symbols with diagonal crosses denote the derivative data in INEL or NSD collisions obtained by , , and in Equation (5), respectively. The curves surrounded the symbols are the derivative results obtained from the curves in Figure 1 according to Equation (5).

In Figure 2(a), the solid, dotted, and dashed curves represent the same data samples as Figure 1(a), but showing . In Figures 2(b) and 2(c), the solid and dotted curves represent the same data samples as Figures 1(a) and 1(c), but showing and respectively. One can see that, with the increase of , increases and decreases obviously in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions and in INEL or NSD collisions respectively, while and decrease obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions. At very high energy, all of , , and approach to zero.

Figure 3 is the same as Figure 2, but Figures 3(a)–3(c) present respectively the dependent , , and , which are derived from the symbols and curves in Figure 1 according to Equation (6). The different symbols correspond to different collaborations marked in the panels which are the same as Figures 1 and 2. The solid (dotted) and dashed curves are for central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions without (with) the corrections of decays and for INEL or NSD collisions respectively, One can see that, with the increase of , , , and decrease obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions. Like , , and , all of , , and also approach to zero at very high energy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

From Figures 1 to 3 one can see that, in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions, () decreases obviously and () and () increase obviously with the increase of . These differences also result in difference between and (). These differences are caused by different mechanisms in productions of pions, kaons, and protons. The contribution of strong and weak decays to is larger than those to and . Comparing with pions, kaons have larger cross-section of absorbtion in nuclei. In the production of protons, the primary protons existed in the impact nuclei also affect the yield.

At the top RHIC (200 GeV) and LHC energies, the trends of , , and in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions are close to those in INEL or NSD collisions due to the increase of hard scattering component. Finally, approaches to one and and approaches to zero. These limiting values render that the hard scattering process contributes largely, the mean-free-path of produced particles (quarks) becomes largely, and the viscous effect becomes weakly at the LHC. Meanwhile, the interacting system changes completely from the hadron-dominant state to the quark-dominant state at the early and medium stage of collisions, though the final stage is hadron-dominant at the LHC.

The energy dependent , , , and also show the maximum at about 4 GeV, while the energy dependent , , , , and do not show such an extremum. The particular trend of the considered curves are caused by some reasons. In terms of nuclear and hadronic fragmentation, over an energy range from MeV to GeV, impact nuclei undergone various modes of nuclear fission and fragmentation, as well as multi-fragmentation and limiting fragmentation, then hadronic fragmentation and limiting fragmentation appear. At the stage of nuclear limiting fragmentation [45], nuclear fragments have similar multiplicity and charge distributions. At the stage of hadronic limiting fragmentation, the (pseudo)rapidity spectra of relativistic produced particles in forward (backward) rapidity region have the same or similar shape [46]. For heavy nucleus such as Au and Pb, the initial energy of hadronic limiting fragmentation is possibly about 4 GeV. In terms of phase transition, about 4 GeV is possibly the initial energy of the phase transition from a liquid-like state of nucleons and mesons with a relatively short mean-free-path to a gas-like state of nucleons and mesons with a relatively long mean-free-path in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions.

Theoretically, chemical potentials always correspond to some conserved charge. In Ref. [34], it is written how a hadron has a chemical potential . One has

where , , , and are respectively the baryon number, strangeness, isospin, and charm of the considered particle , and with lower foot marks , , , and correspond to respective chemical potentials. Not all of the four quantum numbers and four chemical potentials in the expression of are free parameters since some of them are fixed by the conservation laws and some of them are zero for a special particle.

Both Equations (5) and (22) are obtained in the framework of statistical thermal model [34, 36–39] or related literature [17]. These two formulas are different methods, but they should be harmonious in description of particle chemical potential at the stage of chemical freeze-out which is earlier than the strong and weak decays. Using Equation (5) with or without the corrections of strong and weak decays causes a small difference of particle chemical potentials. Using Equation (22) we have concretely , , and which should give similar results to Equation (5) with or without the corrections of strong and weak decays. In particular, both Equations (5) and (22) results in zero chemical potential at above top RHIC energy. However, Equation (22) is not available to determine . Instead, the present work shows a way to determine and simultaneously.

To determine for a given particle and for a given quark , the present work has used a simple, convenient, and alternative method. In the case of utilizing , and can be obtained according to which is obtained in experiments independently. Then, we can easily use Equation (5) for each particle independently and Equation (6) for each quark independently. In the extraction, we have neglected the difference between the chemical potential of negatively charged particle and the chemical potential of positively charged particle due to small difference between and . Meanwhile, we have neglected the difference between the chemical potential of anti-quark and the chemical potential of quark due to small difference between and . Based on the above approximate treatment, Equations (1), (3), and (4) are acceptable. Besides, we have used a single- scenario for the chemical freeze-out, though a two- or multi- scenario is also possible.

Before summary and conclusions, it should be noted that although the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons [8] are excluded in the present work, only one mode of decay affects mainly , , or measured in experiments. For , removing the contribution of strong decay can regain the data from the stage at primary production, where the strong decay pulls down . For , removing the contribution of strong decay can regain the data from the stage at primary production, where the strong decay lifts . For , removing the weak decay can regain the data from the stage at primary production, where the weak decay lifts . Generally, both strong and weak decays do not affect largely the trends of experimental and then and , in particular at above top RHIC energy.

In the calculation on removing the contributions from strong and weak decays from the data, we have utilized a very recent literature [8] which works in the framework of statistical thermal model [1–4]. In ref. [8], the energy dependent particle ratios “from the stage at primary production, after strong decay from high-mass resonance, and after weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons” are presented. To compare with the data, the statistical thermal model [1–4, 8] is coordinately accounted the effects of experimental acceptance and transverse momentum cuts. What we do in the present work is to directly quote the results obtained in Ref. [8]. One can see that strong decay affects mainly and , while weak decay affects mainly . Meanwhile, the effect of quantum statistics is much smaller and can be neglected [8].

In the case of including the contributions of two decays and quantum statistics [8], the extracted energy dependent and have small difference from those excluding the mentioned contributions. Although the contributions of two decays to yields of and are considerable, these effects to are small. Except for the contributions to yields and yield ratios, the two decays also contribute mainly in low transverse momentum region and central rapidity interval. These contributions affect more or less the trends of transverse momentum and rapidity spectra in terms of slope or shape and normalization constant. We shall not discuss the effects of two decays on transverse momentum and rapidity spectra due to these topics being beyond the focus of the present work.

4. Summary and Conclusions

In summary, we have analyzed the yield ratios , , and of negatively to positively charged particles produced in mid-(pseudo)rapidity interval in central Au-Au collisions, central Pb-Pb collisions, and INEL or NSD collisions, as well as in forward rapidity region in INEL collisions over a range from a few GeV to above 10 TeV. To obtain the chemical potentials and , , , and are corrected by removing the contributions of strong decay from high-mass resonance and weak decay from heavy flavor hadrons. It is shown that, with the increase of , () decreases obviously in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions, () increases obviously in INEL or NSD collisions, and () and () increase obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions. The limiting values of , , and are one at very high energy.

The chemical potentials , , and of light particles , , and , as well as the chemical potentials , , and of light quarks , , and are extracted from the corrected yield ratios in which there is no contributions of two decays. With the increase of over a range from above a few GeV to above 10 TeV, () increases obviously in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions, () decreases obviously in INEL or NSD collisions, and () and () decrease obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions. Meanwhile, (), (), and () decrease obviously in both central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) and INEL or NSD collisions. The limiting values of , , , , , and are zero at very high energy. The difference between the results with and without the correction of two decays is not too large.

Even though for that with the corrections of two decays, the same particular energy is still existent as that without the corrections. The energy dependent , , , and show the maximum at about 4 GeV, while the energy dependent , , , , and do not show such an extremum. For heavy nucleus such as Au and Pb, the initial energy of limiting fragmentation is possibly about 4 GeV. This energy is also possibly the initial energy of the phase transition from a liquid-like state of nucleons and mesons with a relatively short mean-free-path to a gas-like state of nucleons and mesons with a relatively long mean-free-path in central Au-Au (Pb-Pb) collisions. Meanwhile, the density of baryon number in nucleus-nucleus collisions at this energy has a large value. These particular factors render different trends of the considered quantities at this energy.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article and are cited at relevant places within the text as references.

Ethical Approval

The authors declare that they are in compliance with ethical standards regarding the content of this paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 11575103, 11847311, and 11747063, the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi (STIP) under Grant No. 201802017, the Shanxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant No. 201701D121005, the Fund for Shanxi “1331 Project“ Key Subjects Construction, and the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology under Grant No. 20152043. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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Copyright © 2020 Hai-Ling Lao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by SCOAP³.

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