Abstract
Interaction of dark energy in the anisotropic locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-I metric is investigated in the context of modified theory of gravity, where is the Ricci scalar and is the trace of stress energy momentum tensor. We choose the particular form of the functional ; then, we find the exact solutions of the field equations by applying inhomogeneous equation of state, , and a generalized form of hybrid expansion law. The transition of deceleration to acceleration is observed in this model. It is also observed that the universe shows accelerated expansion at late epoch. The derived model overlaps with at late time which is in agreement with present observation. Energy conditions of the derived model are also investigated. From the plot, we observe the age of universe for the observed . The physical and geometrical behaviours of these models are also discussed.
1. Introduction
The examination of observational data suggests that our universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion. This result is based on the observation of high shift type SN Ia supernovae [1, 2], cosmic microwave background (CMBR) data [3], and large-scale structure [4]. The observation also suggests that there had been a transition of the universe from the earlier deceleration phase to the recent acceleration phase [5]. There are two approaches to describe this late time acceleration of universe. One of the approaches to define the source of this acceleration is a new type of energy, which has large negative pressure, commonly known as dark energy. This dark energy has the ability to work against gravity and provide late accelerated expansion of the universe [6]. Hence, dark energy is a prime candidate to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. According to different measurements, dark energy contributes about 73% of the total mass energy of the Universe. While the rest 23% and 4% are occupied by dark matter, another component of the universe which is useful in explaining the structure formation of the universe, and baryonic matter, respectively. In physical cosmology and astronomy, the simplest candidate for the dark energy is the cosmological constant . But it has a serious problem with the fine tuning and cosmic coincidence problem, from the theoretical point of view. Due to these reasons the cosmological constant with dynamical nature is favoured over the constant cosmological constant. Therefore, numerous models of dark energy such as the quintessence phantom model, tachyon model, Chaplygin gas, and holographic dark energy have been proposed to study the mysterious nature of dark energy.
The general theory of relativity is the best suited theory to explain the evolution of the Universe, and is the most natural model of the universe. Modifications of general relativity are attracting more and more attention to explain late time acceleration and dark energy. Many alternative theories are developed in order to accommodate the late accelerated expansion of the universe. Among these alternative theories, is interesting and beneficial for study of the universe. The second approach is to modify the left-hand side of Einstein’s field equation to obtain the alternative theories of gravity.
These modified gravity theories become an alternative to the conventional cosmology as it can describe the late time cosmic speed up process of expansion. Some of such theories are gravity [7–9], gravity [10, 11] where is torsion scalar, gravity [12, 13] where is Gauss-Bonnet scalar, and gravity [14] where is the Ricci scalar and is the trace of the energy momentum tensor. Among all of such theories, the gravity theory is the modification of the theory and became an interesting theory for the cosmologists. He also explicitly specified few classes of modified gravity through the form of arbitrary function. Physical and geometrical properties of anisotropic cosmological model for a specific class of are investigated [15–17].
In physical cosmology, the scale factor is the key parameter to describe the different evolutionary epochs of the universe. Power law expansion and exponential expansion of the universe are executed with different forms of scale factor. Phase transition in the evolution of the universe from deceleration phase to acceleration phase is also observed in universe with hybrid expansion law. In this paper, we developed a generalized form of the hybrid expansion law and we also observed the transition phase of the evolution of Universe. Bianchi types IIX cosmological models becomes very interesting since these are homogeneous and anisotropic, and the process of isotropization of the universe is investigated through the evolution of the universe. The simplicity of the field equations made Bianchi space times useful in constructing models of spatially homogeneous and anisotropic cosmologies. Though the present universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a larger scale, it is generally believed that the early universe was highly anisotropic and was isotropized later with the cosmic expansion. The simplest is the Bianchi type-I universe which is spatially homogeneous and anisotropic flat universe. Hence, many researchers have been encouraged to study the Bianchi type-I universe as it behaves like FRW universe at late times. Bianchi type-VI0 metric is discussed with ghost dark energy and found that the model behaves like ΛCDM at the late phase of cosmic time [18]. Viscous fluid cosmological model is explored with time-dependent inhomogeneous equation of state in the FRW cosmological model [19]. The anisotropic cosmological model is studied in gravity choosing the functional form of , and they found the cosmological parameters constrained with observational parameters [20]. Bianchi type-I metric with hybrid expansion law is studied in the framework of Lyra’s manifold [21]. Anisotropic cosmological models are investigated in the theory of gravity with quadratic functional form [22]. In the recent years, Bianchi universe gains massive interest among the researchers through the observational cosmology. From the WMAP data [23], it is revealed that the standard cosmological model requires positive and dynamic cosmological parameters that resemble the Bianchi universe. Mishra et al. [24–26] also investigated cosmological models with hybrid expansion law which produce a time-varying deceleration parameter that stimulates the cosmic transition.
With the motivation of the above discussions, we intend to explore a LRS Bianchi type-I cosmological model within the framework of gravity whose functional form is , where is an arbitrary constant. We solve the generalized Einstein field equation by assuming inhomogeneous equation of state and generalized form of hybrid expansion law. This paper is organized as follows: we formulate the gravitational field equations of theory in Section 2. In Section 3, field equations and respective solutions corresponding to are shown. In Section 4, we present our model with hybrid expansion law. In Section 5, we discuss the energy conditions. Our concluding remark is given in Section 6.
2. The General Formulation of Gravity
By applying the Hilbert-Einstein variational action, the field equations of theory of gravitation are derived. Harko et al. [14] use the following form of the action for modified gravity
Here, stands for arbitrary function of Ricci scalar () and the trace () of the stress energy momentum tensor. We define the stress energy momentum tensor as where the matter Lagrangian density is given by which is governed by the metric tensor component. Therefore, stress energy momentum tensor becomes
Taking the variation of action with respect to metric tensor , we derive the field equation of gravity as where . Using the value of the matter Lagrangian and using the value of , we have
We consider the perfect fluid model governed by energy density and pressure of the fluid with four-velocity satisfying and . We take the energy momentum tensor of perfect fluid in the form
We take the matter Lagrangian . Then, equation (5) becomes
The field equations of the theory of gravity also related to the physical behaviours of the matter field through the tensor . Harko et al. [14] introduced the three classes which are given as
3. Metric and Field Equations
In this paper, we choose the case for LRS Bianchi type-I metric to develop our model. The LRS Bianchi type-I metric of this model is given as
Here, and are metric potentials which are functions of time. This metric has symmetric plane in plane and symmetry axis are along axis. The volume of the universe is given by , where is the scale factor. And the Hubble parameter is given by where and .
Then we take , where is an arbitrary constant. Setting , equation (4) reduces to
Using the energy momentum tensor of the matter Lagrangian for perfect fluid obtained in equation (6) and field equations obtained in equation (11), the expressions of gravitational field equations for the metric in equation (9) are calculated by where an overhead dot and the double overhead dots hereafter denote the first and second differentiations with respect to cosmic time , respectively, and . The trace of the stress energy momentum tensor in our derived model is given by . We consider a universe filled with anisotropic dark energy obeying the inhomogeneous equation of state in the form , where and is a time-dependent cosmological constant. This equation of state, with a function of time, was examined in [27]. The above field equations (12)–(14) can be written in terms of and as
On solving equations (13) and (14), we get where and are constants of integration. The cosmological term, energy density, and pressure are obtained from equations (15)–(17)
4. Model with Generalized Hybrid Expansion Law
Many authors [24–26] also investigated cosmological models with hybrid expansion which stimulates the cosmic transition from deceleration to acceleration epoch. In order to obtain a generalized hybrid universe, we consider a generalized hybrid scale factor of the universe in the form [28, 29] where and are constants. This form of scale factor is called generalized hybrid expansion law (GHEL). In particular cases, one can obviously obtains power law and exponential expansions of the universe with and , respectively. Thus, power law and exponential law cosmologies are special cases of the hybrid expansion law cosmology which is in the valid interval . This hybrid expansion law also provides the transition phase of deceleration phase to accelerating phase of the universe as in [24–26]. Volume of the universe () is given by . This gives the scale factor as
For this scale factor, the deceleration parameter is found to be
Here, approaches to which shows that the present universe approaches to the epoch of accelerating expansion as . Using equation (24) in (18) and (19), we obtain
This shows that the scale factors expand along , , and axes with different rates of expansion. Also, the expression of directional Hubble parameters, Hubble parameter, anisotropy parameter, expansion scalar, and the shear scalar becomes
Using the values of and in equations (20)–(22), we obtain the cosmological term, energy density, and pressure as follows:
Here, we plot the dark energy model for and . It is observed that the deceleration parameter is positive at early stage of the universe and negative for late time universe for which indicates that the universe exhibits transition phase from deceleration to acceleration. The nature of the deceleration parameter is shown in Figure 1. From Figure 2, it is evident that the directional Hubble parameters are exceptionally large at the beginning of the universe and decrease monotonically with its age. Hubble constant is measured to be about by a variety of techniques. The best current results using Cepheids and the Hubble Space Telescope come from the SHOES team which measure a value of about . Recent measurements based on red giant stars give a value of . Recently, Plank 2018 results VI shows the present value of Hubble constant as and present age of universe to be . From this plot of Hubble constant vs. time in Figure 2 for the valid values , we obtain the age of the universe for the observed which is in agreement with the observational values of [30]. By using the value of in equation (25) for , we calculated the values of present deceleration parameter as which is in agreement with present observation. In Figure 3, we see that the anisotropic parameter approaches zero as tends to infinity. It means that our universe approaches isotropy at late epoch of its evolution. These scenarios provide information that our universe is highly anisotropic in the past and becomes isotropic later. The expansion scalar shows that the universe initially evolves with an infinite expansion and decreases monotonically at late times. It is evident that the cosmological constant term is positive and becomes very small as shown in Figure 4. Also, the energy density is positive and is a decreasing function of time from the Figure 5.
5. Energy Conditions and Some Observational Parameters
For observational investigation, we consider , where is the redshift. This relation gives the expression between time and redshift as where denotes the Lambert function. Using (24), we can express the parameters of the derived model in terms of the redshift. Such a relation is useful for testing the model with observational data. The essence of dark energy models can be found out through the state finder diagnostic pair which gives us an idea about the geometrical nature of the model. The pair are defined as [31, 32]
In the above definition of , there is in the place of in the original definition [32] to avoid divergence of when . Figure 6 shows that the model behaves like model for as becomes for . The energy conditions in general relativity are null energy condition (NEC), weak energy condition (WEC), strong energy condition (SEC), and dominant energy condition (DEC) which are expressed, respectively, as
From Figures 7–10, we observe that , , , and . In this model, the null energy condition (NEC), weak energy condition (WEC), and dominant energy condition (DEC) are satisfied but the strong energy condition (SEC)is violated. The same is suggested by various researchers [33, 34].
6. Conclusion
In this paper, we have established the solution of Einstein’s field equations for LRS Bianchi-I space time using inhomogeneous equation of state . In this model, as which represents the accelerated expansion of the universe. The physical behaviours of the dynamic cosmological parameters depend on the value of , and we discuss the model with hybrid expansion for . The expansion scalar shows that the expansion rate is infinite at the beginning and decreases monotonically at late times. As the deceleration parameter changes from a positive to negative value with time, the model exhibits a transition phase from deceleration to acceleration, which is an important feature for the evolution of Universe. It is fascinating to find that the model exhibits an initial singularity with high anisotropy. The anisotropic parameter approaches zero as tends to infinity which shows that our universe approaches isotropy at late times. The cosmological constant term and the energy density decrease monotonically with time which is in agreement with observations. Thus our model becomes spatially homogeneous, isotropic, and flat at late times. Furthermore, it is found that the values of Statefinder pair becomes at late epoch. This shows that our derived model approaches to the model at late epoch. From Figure 2, we obtain the age of the universe for the observed which is in agreement with the observations. By using the value of in equation (25) for , we calculated as which is in agreement with present observation.
Also in this model, the strong energy condition (SEC) is violated while null energy conditions (NEC), weak energy conditions (WEC), and dominant energy condition (DEC) are satisfied which are agreeable with the present time. Although the models obtained here are simple, it may be useful in the investigation of the evolution of the universe.
Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the National Institute of Technology Manipur for financial support.