How Rootstocks Impact the Scion Vigour and Vine Performance of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo

Table 1

Mean values of gas exchange parameters measured early-mid morning at flowering and veraison for four rootstocks and from 2018 to 2020 and their interactions.

		Photosynthesis rate (An) [μmol/(m^2·s)]		Stomatal conductance [mol/(m^2·s)]		Water use efficiency (WUE) (μmol CO2/mol H2O)		Whole plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) [(mmol·m)/(MPa·s)]
		Flowering	Veraison	Flowering	Veraison	Flowering	Veraison	Flowering	Veraison
Two-way ANOVA
Rootstock	1103-P	19.10 a	14.56 a	0.35 a	0.18 a	57.67 b	83.56 b	4.28 a	2.77 a
	110-R	18.69 ba	14.82 a	0.32 a	0.17 a	60.73 b	85.69 b	3.54 b	2.41 b
	161-49C	17.41 ba	13.79 a	0.27 b	0.14 b	66.88 a	102.04 a	3.00 c	2.03 c
	41B	17.06 b	11.51 b	0.24 b	0.12 c	73.43 a	101.61 a	3.14 c	2.0 c
Year	2018	20.33 a	15.52 a	0.346 a	0.175 a	61.62 b	93.37 ba	3.52 b	2.72 a
	2019	18.36 b	14.13 b	0.323 a	0.148 b	57.25 b	97.08 a	4.22 a	1.76 c
	2020	15.18 c	11.25 c	0.204 b	0.131 b	76.76 a	88.67 b	2.60 c	2.45 b
	R	ns	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗
	Y	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗	∗∗∗		∗∗∗	∗∗∗
	R ^∗ Y	∗∗		∗∗			ns	∗∗	∗∗∗
One-way ANOVA
2018	1103-P	23.12 a	16.47 a	0.438 a	0.221 a	53.07 b	74.87 b	4.14 a	3.76 a
	110-R	21.57 ba	17.32 a	0.399 a	0.205 a	54.72 b	85.94 b	3.57 ba	2.55 b
	161-49C	18.95 ba	15.73 a	0.310 b	0.146 b	62.52 b	108.47 a	3.27 b	2.26 b
	41B	17.66 b	12.57 b	0.237 b	0.128 b	76.14 a	104.18 a	3.10 b	2.30 b
2019	1103-P	16.34 b	15.97 a	0.329	0.173 a	49.92 c	92.70 cb	5.33 a	2.08 a
	110-R	19.67 a	14.66 ba	0.347	0.168 a	56.86 b	87.74 c	4.40 b	1.94 a
	161-49C	19.12 a	12.73 b	0.299	0.121 b	64.16 a	106.35 a	3.32 c	1.44 b
	41B	18.30 ba	13.14 b	0.318	0.130 b	58.03 b	101.55 ba	3.82 cb	1.59 b
2020	1103-P	17.19 a	11.22 a	0.235	0.139 a	76.17 ba	83.10 b	2.93	2.46 ba
	110-R	14.83 ba	12.48 a	0.217	0.152 a	70.60 b	83.40 b	2.67	2.74 a
	161-49C	14.14 b	12.74 a	0.194	0.146 a	73.96 ba	89.16 ba	2.41	2.47 ba
	41B	15.22 ba	8.81 b	0.179	0.090 b	86.11 a	99.11 a	2.50	2.12 b

^∗, ^∗∗, and ^∗∗∗ indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 levels of probability, respectively. In each column and for each factor or interaction, different letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 95% confidence level.