Rootstocks for Grapevines Now and into the Future: Selection of Rootstocks Based on Drought Tolerance, Soil Nutrient Availability, and Soil pH

Table 2

Newly developed rootstocks.

Rootstocks	Origin	Pedigree	Features	References
C series
C20	Australia	V. champinii × V. rupestris × V. riparia	(i) Moderate vigour	[42, 43]
			(ii) Performs well in hot climate
			(iii) Resistant to phylloxera genotype G1 and G4
			(iv) Resistant to root-knot nematode M. javanica
			(v) Tolerant to saline stress
C113		V. champinii × V. cinerea	(i) Moderate to high vigour
			(ii) Good productivity
			(iii) Tolerant to saline stress
			(iv) Susceptible to phylloxera genotype G1 and G4
C114		V. champinii × V. berlandieri	(i) High vigour
			(ii) Performs well in hot and dry climate
			(iii) High productivity
			(iv) Maintains high yield under deficit irrigation
			(v) Resistant to phylloxera genotype G1 and G4
			(vi) Resistant to root-knot nematode M. javanica
			(vii) Tolerant to saline stress
FB01, Zamor 17, and SZF10
FB01	Hungary	(V. riparia × V. cinerea) × (V. vinifera × V. berlandieri)	(i) High vigour	[10]
			(ii) Adequate phosphorus, potassium, and calcium uptake
			(iii) Tolerant to soil lime and acidity
Zamor 17		(V. riparia × V. berlandieri) × V. rupestris​	(i) Low vigour
			(ii) Susceptible to soil lime and acidity
SZF10		(V. riparia × V. berlandieri × V. vinifera) × (V. riparia × V. cinerea)	(i) Moderate vigour
			(ii) Moderately tolerant to soil lime and acidity
			(iii) Good magnesium uptake
M series
M1	Italy	[V. riparia × (V. vulpina × V. rupestris)] × V. berlandieri	(i) Moderate to high vigour	[44–46]
			(ii) Good phosphorus, potassium, and calcium uptake
			(iii) Resistant to iron chlorosis
M2		(V. berlandieri × V. riparia) × (V. vinifera × V. berlandieri)	(i) Good potassium and magnesium uptake ability
			(ii) Resistant to iron chlorosis
M3		(V. berlandieri × V. riparia) × (V. Berlandieri × V. riparia)	(i) Low to moderate vigour
			(ii) Tolerant to heat and drought
M4		(V. vinifera × V. berlandieri) × V. berlandieri	(i) Resistant to drought
			(ii) Resistant to soil salinity
UCD GRN series
UCD GRN1	United States	V. rupestris × Muscadinia rotundifolia	(i) Resistant to root-knot nematode (M. incognita and M. arenaria), dagger nematode (X. index), ring nematode (M. xenoplax), and citrus nematode (T. semipenetrans)	[47]
UCD GRN2		V. rufotomentosa × V. champinii × V. riparia	(i) Resistant to root-knot nematode (M. incognita and M. arenaria) and dagger nematode (Xiphinema index)
UCD GRN3		V. rufotomentosa × V. champinii × V. riparia
UCD GRN4		V. rufotomentosa × V. champinii × V. riparia
UCD GRN5		V. champinii × V. riparia
RS series
RS-3	United States	V. champinii × (V. riparia × V. rupestris)	(i) Moderate to high vigour	[47, 48]
			(ii) Resistant to root-knot nematode (M. incognita and M. javanica)
RS-9			(iii) Low vigour
			(iv) Resistant to root-knot nematode (M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria)
USDA rootstock
Demko 10-17A	United States	Edna (America × Malaga) × V. simpsonii	(i) Resistant to root-knot nematode (M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria), citrus nematode (T. semipenetrans), and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus)	[47, 49]

Definition of D. vitifoliae genotypes based on the pattern of DNA fragment sizes at 4 specific microsatellite loci identified by a previous study [50].