Analysis of Digital Image Watermarking Techniques through Hybrid Methods

Table 1

Summary of the state-of-the-art hybrid methods.

Schemes	For imperceptibility	For robustness	For security	Cover image size, type, and color	Watermark image size, type, and color	Capacity (bits)
DWT-DCT [3]	DWT + DCT	DWT + DCT	Arnold transform	512 × 512, Lena image, greyscale	32 × 32, greyscale	—
DWT-SVD [4]	DWT + SVD	DWT + SVD	Encryption algorithm	512 × 512, Lena image, greyscale	256 × 256, greyscale	—
DWT-SVD [5]	DWT-SVD and wavelet fusion algorithm	DWT-SVD and wavelet fusion algorithm	—	256 × 256, Cameraman image, greyscale	Primary watermark 256 × 256, logo image and secondary watermark 256 × 256, Lena image (both greyscale)	—
LWT-DCT [6]	LWT + DCT	LWT + DCT	—	256 × 256, Lena image, color image	64 × 64, Mandrill, greyscale	—
DWT-SVD [7]	SVD	DWT	—	512 × 512, Goldhill image, grayscale image	256 × 256, logo image, binary image	—
DWT-DCT [8]	DWT + DCT	DWT + DCT	RSA algorithm	512 × 512, medical image, greyscale image	Health center logo and EPR data, greyscale	—
DCT-DWT [9]	DCT-DWT and autothresholding	DCT-DWT and autothresholding	—	512 × 512, Peppers, RGB colored image	27 × 100, text image, white background, and plotted black numbers	2700 bits
DWT-DCT [10]	DWT-DCT and QIM	DWT-DCT and QIM	Arnold transform	512 × 512, natural image, greyscale images	64 × 64, logo, image, binary image	1/64 bit per pixel
SVD-DCT [11]	SVD and DCT Walsh hybrid transform	SVD and DCT Walsh hybrid transform	—	256 × 256 × 3 bytes, natural image, color bitmap images	128 × 128 × 3 bytes, natural image, color bitmap images	—
DWT-DCT-SVD [12]	DWT-DCT and SVD	DWT-DCT and SVD	—	512 × 512, abdominal, greyscale	512 × 512, girl face, greyscale	—
LWT-DCT-SVD [13]	LWT-DCT-SVD and PSO algorithm	LWT-DCT-SVD and PSO algorithm	—	512 × 512, natural image, greyscale image	32 × 32, logo, binary image	—
DCT-SVD [14]	DCT + SVD	DCT + SVD	Arnold transform	512 × 512, natural image, greyscale image	64 × 64, Lena (logo image), greyscale image	262144
DFT-DCT [15]	Magnitudes of DFT coefficients	DCT to the magnitudes of DFT coefficients	Arnold transform	512 × 512, natural and textured image, greyscale	19 × 52 and 64 × 64, binary logo, greyscale	988 (for Lena image)
DWT-DCT [16]	DWT-DCT and OMP reconstruction	DWT-DCT and OMP reconstruction	—	256 × 256, Lena, greyscale	32 × 32, logo image, binary	—
DCT-DWT [17]	DCT + DWT	DCT + DWT	Arnold transform	1024 × 1024 × 3, natural image, RGB	96 × 96, natural image, greyscale	—
DWT-SVD [18]	DWT + SVD	DWT + SVD	—	512 × 512 (for both inner and outer image), natural image, color	50 × 20, text image, binary image	—