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| Schemes | Test image | Histogram equalization | Gaussian noise | Salt-and-pepper noise | LPGF | JPEG compression (QF) | JPEG 2000 (CR) | Cropping (%) | Rotation (°) |
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| DWT-DCT [3] | Lena | — | — | — | — | SSIM = 0.9839 (QF = 50%) | — | SSIM = 0.9495 (25%) | — |
| DWT-SVD [4] | Lena | NC = 1.0 | NC = 1.0 (for scaling factor = 0.99) | NC = 1.0 (for scaling factor = 0.99) | — | NC = 0.7593 | — | — | — |
| DWT-SVD [5] | Cameraman | — | PSNR = 20.4017 (for scaling factor = 0.01) | — | — | — | — | PSNR = 7.8166 | — |
| DWT-SVD [7] | Goldhill | PSNR = 17.545 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | PSNR = 30.000 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | PSNR = 12.364 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | PSNR = 29.794 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | PSNR = 8.356 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | — | PSNR = 13.047 (for scaling factor, μ = 5) | PSNR = 11.430 (up to 200) (for scaling factor, μ = 5) |
| DWT-DCT [8] | MRI-brain | NC = 0.7498 | NC = 0.9487 (for μ = 0, var = 0.00001) | NC = 0.9850 (for noise level = 0.001) | NC = 0.7779 | NC = 1.0000 (for QF = 65) | — | NC = 0.6963 | NC = 0.6981 (for 0.01°) |
| DCT-DWT [9] | Peppers | | NC = 0.9739 | NC = 0.9413 (for noise level = 10%) | — | NC = 0.9926 (for QF = 100) | — | NC = 0.9594 (for 154 × 154) | NC = 0.9886 (for 75°) |
| DWT-DCT [10] | Lena | — | BER = 5.67 (for var = 0.001) | BER = 14.44 (for intensity = 1%) | BER = 0.04 (for 3 × 3) | BER = 0.02 (for QF = 80) | BER = 0.01 (for CR = 2) | BER = 11.99 (25%) | BER = 13.94 (for 45°) |
| SVD-DCT [11] | Face | MAE = 25.449 | MAE = 0.068 | — | — | MAE = 1.346 (for QF = 100) | — | MAE = 11.462 (cropping 32 × 32 at corners) | — |
| DWT-DCT-SVD [12] | Abdominal | — | NC = 0.9999 at scaling factor 0.8 (for μ = 0, var = 0.01) | NC = 0.9999 at scaling factor 0.8 (for density = 0.01) | — | — | — | — | — |
| LWT-DCT-SVD [13] | Lena | PSNR = 45.01206 | PSNR = 43.96941 (for μ = 0, var = 0.001) | PSNR = 44.05564 (for density = 0.02) | PSNR = 44.88039 (for 3 × 3) | PSNR = 43.86933 (for QF = 70%) | — | PSNR = 44.97377 (for 25%) | PSNR = 44.82333 (for 5°) |
| DCT-SVD [14] | Barbara | — | — | — | — | — | — | NC = 0.9952 | NC = 0.9952 |
| DFT-DCT [15] | D9 | SSIM = 0.9995, NC = 1.0 | SSIM = 0.9928, NC = 0.9947 (for μ = 0, var = 0.0005) | SSIM = 0.9997, NC = 1.0, (for μ = 0, var = 0.0001) | SSIM = 0.9996, NC = 0.9984 (for σ = 0.6, 9 × 9) | SSIM = 0.9997, NC = 1.0 (for QF = 90) | SSIM = 0.9002, NC = 0.9003 (for CR = 10) | SSIM = 1.0, NC = 1.0, (50%) | — |
| DWT-DCT [16] | Lena | — | BER = 0.0869 (for 0.0008) | BER = 0.0615 (for 0.005) | BER = 0.0869 (for 3 × 3, 0.9) | BER = 0.1660 (for QF = 20) | — | — | — |
| DCT-DWT [17] | Baboon | — | NC = 0.9982 (for scaling factor = 80) | NC = 0.9530 (for scaling factor = 80) | — | NC = 0.9994 (for scaling factor = 80) | — | — | NC = 0.8669 (for scaling factor = 80) |
| DWT-SVD [18] | Pepper | — | NC = 0.9438 | NC = 0.9139 | — | NC = 1.0000 | — | — | NC = 1.0000 (up to 90°) |
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