Radiation Effects of Mobile Phones and Tablets on the Skin: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Methodology of studies included in the systematic review.

First author	Study design	Statistical methods	Outcome	Exposure	Measure of association	Conclusions
Sandström et al. [11]	Cross-sectional	Multivariate logistic regression	Warming and burning ear skin	Cellular phone	Prevalence of symptoms	A statistically significant association between calling time/number of calls per day and the prevalence of warmth behind/around or on the ear, headaches, and fatigue
Oftedal et al. [12]	Cross-sectional	Chi-square test	Burning sensations in the facial skin and warming sensation behind and around the ear	Mobile phone	Percentage of symptoms (%)	These findings, together with our results, may indicate a causal relation between the use of mobile phones and warming sensations.; These results suggest an awareness of the symptoms, but no serious skin health problem
Fredrik Soderqvist	Cross-sectional	Chi-square test and logistic regression	Health symptoms	Wireless telephones	Odds ratio	The findings of the present study indicate that the use of mobile phones causes skin rash & burning sensation
Khan [13]	Cross-sectional	Chi-square test	Facial dermatitis	Mobile phone	Percentage of health complaints	The findings of the present study indicate that mobile phones play a large part in the daily life of medical students, and therefore its impact on psychology and health should be discussed with the students to prevent the harmful effects
Poulsen et al. [6]	Cohort	Log-linear Poisson regression models	Skin cancer	Mobile phone	Incidence rate ratios (IRRs)	This nationwide study of mobile phone subscribers provided no support for a relationship between mobile phone use and skin cancer.
Claudio Gómez-Perretta	Cross-sectional	Analysis of variance test (ANOVA)	Health symptoms	Mobile phone	Odds ratio	The findings of this study indicate that no relationship was found between the rays emitted from mobile phone and the skin changes