Prevalence and Factors Associated with Back Pain among Patients Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia: An Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study
Table 2
Associated factors with PSBP of the study participants at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, from March to May 2020 (n = 215).
Variables
Frequency
PSBP
Yes (%)
No (%)
BMI
18.7–25 kg/m2
152
41 (27.0)
111 (73.0)
25–29.9 kg/m2
43
30 (69.8)
13 (30.2)
≥ 30 kg/m2
20
16 (80.0)
4 (20.)
Experience of anesthetist
Student
35
16 (45.7)
19 (54.3)
1–4 years
71
28 (39.4)
43 (60.6)
>4 years
109
43 (39.4)
66 (60.6)
Previous SA
No
151
48 (31.8)
103 (68.2)
Yes
64
39 (60.9)
25 (39.1)
Number of exposures to SA (n= 64)
One
40
23 (57.5)
17 (42.5)
Two
20
13 (65)
7 (35)
>two
4
3 (75)
1 (25)
Type of surgery
Obstetrics
106
47 (44.3)
59 (55.7)
Gynecology
28
5 (17.9)
23 (82.1)
Orthopedic
47
18 (38.3)
29 (61.7)
Urology
15
7 (46.7)
8 (53.3)
Other
19
10 (52.6)
9 (47.4)
Urgency of surgery
Elective
79
30 (38)
49 (62)
Emergency
136
57 (41.9)
79 (58.1)
Duration of surgery
<30 minutes
20
7 (35)
13 (65)
30–60 minutes
99
34 (34.3)
65 (65.7)
>60 minutes
96
46 (47.9)
50 (52.1)
Surgical position
Supine
193
79 (40.9)
114 (59.1)
Lateral
12
4 (33.3)
8 (66.7)
Lithotomy
10
4 (40)
6 (60)
Presence of skin infiltration
Yes
145
49 (33.8)
96 (66.2)
No
70
38 (54.3)
32 (45.7)
Number of attempts
One
99
11 (11.1)
88 (88.9)
Two
55
31 (56.4)
24 (43.6)
>two
61
45 (73.8)
16 (26.2)
Number of bone contacts
No contact
114
16 (14)
98 (86)
One
38
19 (50.0)
19 (50.0)
≥Two
63
52 (82.5)
11 (17.5)
Size of needles
Big needle (18–22G)
197
85 (43.1)
112 (56.9)
Small needle (23–29G)
18
2 (11.1)
16 (88.9)
Level of interspace puncture
L2-L3
19
15 (78.9)
4 (21.1)
L3-L4
169
55 (32.5)
114 (67.5)
L4-L5
27
17 (63)
10 (37)
Angle of the spinal needle to the skin
Parallel
151
50 (33.1)
101 (66.9)
Perpendicular
64
37 (57.8)
27 (57.8)
Position of SA
Sitting
206
81 (39.1)
125 (60.7)
Lateral
9
6 (66.7)
3 (33.3)
PSBP = postspinal back pain, BMI = body mass index, kg/m2 = kilogram per meter square. SA = spinal anesthesia, G = gauge, L = lumbar. Other procedures: foreign body removal, hernia repair, fistula repair, perianal abscess, psoas abscess, foreigners gangrene, and hemoroidectomy.
