Persistence and Time Trends in the Temperatures in Spain

Table 1

Estimates of the time trend coefficients, the fractional differencing parameters, and the seasonal AR(1) coefficients. Series: 𝑇_max. (𝑡-values in parenthesis. In brackets the 95% confidence bands for the orders of integration.)

Location	Intercept (𝛽0)	Time Tr. (𝛽1)	Order diff. (𝑑)	Seas. AR (𝜌)
BADAJOZ	204.872	0.06536	0.478	0.9116
	(6.089)	(0.594)	[0.324,  0.663]
MADRID	173.342	0.05108	0.380	0.9270
	(6.506)	(0.748)	[0.254,  0.546]
MALAGA	229.342	0.02299	0.166	0.9506
	(22.949)	(0.465)	[0.064,  0.300]
SAN SEBASTIAN	156.787	0.01078	0.118	0.8430
	(29.486)	(1.042)	[0.049,  0.201]
VALENCIA	211.427	0.02921	0.267	0.9186
	(18.271)	(1.058)	[0.173,  0.389]
ZARAGOZA	190.383	0.04618	0.255	0.9348
	(10.657)	(0.905)	[0.151,  0.394]