Species Location represented Time Study type Global flux (Tg C/yr) Production and/or emission rat
Referenc
Note
Production rates Biddulphia mobiliensis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Thalassiosira weissflogii (diatoms); Heterocapsa pygmaea (dinoflagellate); Synechococcus sp. (cyanobacteria); Prymnesium parvum
Lab not detected Milne et al. 1995 [25 ] Thalassiosira rotula Lab Ratte et al. 1998 [32 ] isoprene observed close to levels of cell-free control; biogenic source unclear Nitzschia sp., Porosira glacialis, Ondontella mobiliensis (diatoms); Amphidinium sp. (dinoflagellate)
Lab Unquantified Moore et al. 1994 [33 ] all species produced isoprene Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros neogracilis (diatoms), Calcidiscus leptoporus, Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores), and Dunaliella tertiolecta (chlorophyte)
Lab all produced isoprene Colomb et al. 2008 [34 ] 2.8–28.5 pmol/L/Chl a(biomass-normalized concentration for C. neogracilis) E. huxleyi (coccolithophore); Skeletonema costatum, Chaetocerous neogracilis, Chaetoceros debilis (diatoms); Synechococcus, Trichodesmium (cyanobacteria)
S. costatum coastal; Tricho. and Synechococcus-tropic/ subtropic Lab 0.0003 to 0.0037
moles/gchl/day Yassaa et al. 2008 [35 ] sum of monoterpenes Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (diatom)
F. kerguelensis-Southern Ocean Lab 0.04 to 0.07
moles/g chl/day Yassaa et al. 2008 [35 ] sum of monoterpenes Dunaliella tertiolecta (chlorophyceae)Lab 0.23
moles/g chl/day Yassaa et al. 2008 [35 ] sum of monoterpenes; primarily p-ocimene and limoneneProchlorococcus, Synechococcus (cyanobacteria)
oligotrophic tropics and subtropics Lab 1.5
moles/g chl/day Shaw et al. 2003 [21 ] Alternate units: 1 to
moles/cell/day Micromonas pusilla, Pelagomonas calceolata (picoeukaryotes); Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore)
Lab 1 to 1.6
moles/g chl/day Shaw et al. 2003 [21 ] Alternate units: 0.2 to
moles/cell/day) Skeletonema costatum (diatom)Lab 1.8
moles/g chl/day McKay et al.and 1996 [36 ] estimated in Shaw 2003 Trichodesmium (nitrogen fixer)Lab 1.6–4.7
moles/g chl/day Arnold et al. 2009 [37 ] Haptophytes; diatoms (S. Ocean); diatoms (elsewhere)
Lab 0–10
moles/g chl/day (phytoplankton type-specific means: 2, 1.2, 2.5, resp.) Arnold et al.2009 [37 ] Prochlorococcus; cyanobacteria; unidentified
Lab 0–22
moles/g chl/day (phytoplankton type-specific means: 9.7, 7.8, 3.1, resp.) Arnold et al. 2009 [37 ] Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore); Thalassiosira weissflogii, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Chaetoceros neogracile (diatoms)
Lab 0–67
moles/g chl/day Gantt et al. 2009 [22 ] Dunaliella tertiolecta Colne estuary, UK various 2006–2009 Lab
moles/cell/dayAcuna-Alvarez et al. 2009 [28 ] Estimated here assuming sample vessel volumes based on [28 , Figure
] Phaeodactylum tricornutum Colne estuary, UK various 2006–2009 Lab
moles/cell/dayAcuna-Alvarez et al. 2009 [28 ] Estimated here assuming sample vessel volumes based on [28 , Figure
] Chaetoceros affinis, Skeletonema costatum (diatoms); Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore)e ; Amphidinium perculatum (dinoflagellate)
Lab
moles/cell/dayMilne et al.1995 [25 ] Thalassiosira pseudonana Lab
moles/cell/dayEvans and Mak 2009 [38 ] unpublished conference poster; 30 day incubation average Sediments Colne estuary, UK various 2006–2009 Lab 0.15 to 0.71 pmoles/cm2 /hr Acuna-Alvarez et al. 2009 [28 ] No net production of isoprene in water; production in sediments Laminaria digitata, Ascophylum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Halidrys siliquosa, Laminaria saccharina (brown algae) and Chondrus crispus (red alga)
Mace Head, Ireland Sep-Oct 1998 Field enclosure 0.3 to 1.4 pmoles/g dry weight/hr Broadgate et al. 2004 [20 ] Asparagopsis armata (red alga) and Ulva intestinalis (green alga)Mace Head, Ireland Sep-Oct 1998 Field enclosure 3.5 to 5.3 pmoles/g dry weight/hr Broadgate et al. 2004 [20 ] Emission Rates (fluxes) North Sea Jul 1993-Jul 1994 Field 0.19 0.1 to
molecules/cm2 /sec;
mean Broadgate 1997 [3 ] 3 miles offshore Northeast Pacific July 2002 Field 0.2 to
molecules/cm2 /sec out of patch; 3.5 to
molecules/cm2 /sec in patch Moore and Wang 2006 [24 ] iron fertilization experiment; alternate units: 0.7 to 1.3
mol/(g chl)/day Florida Straits, Gulf Stream Sep 1993 Field 0.38 0.7 to
molecules/cm2 /sec Milne et al. 1995 [25 ] Primarily diatoms, with dinoflagellates Eastern Atlantic Ocean May 1997 Field 0.09–0.6 0.8 to
molecules/cm2 /sec (
mean) Baker et al. 2000 [26 ] North Pacific May 2001 Field 0.23–2.4 2.2 to
molecules/cm2 /sec Matsunaga et al. 2002 [27 ] Diatoms; Emiliania huxleyi and other coccolithophor
Raunefjord, Southern Norway May-Jun 2005 Field mesocosm 1.2 0 to
molecules/cm2 /sec (
mean) Sinha et al. 2007 [39 ] many phytoplankton types detected, species listed bloomed; macroalgae also present outside mesocosms Mediterranean Sea; Pacific Ocean Apr–Jun (Pac.); May–Oct (Med.); combined years Field 1.2
molecules/cm2 /secBonsang et al.1992 [2 ] Mace Head, Ireland Sep-Oct 1998 Field enclosure
8 molecules/cm2 /sec (max)Broadgate et al. 2004 [20 ] estimated from concentrations Coastal Crete Feb–Oct 2004 Field 108 to
molecules/cm2 /sec Liakakou et al. 2007 [9 ] East Atlantic bloom; Pacific Ocean; Sargasso Sea Lab 3.4 to
7 ; 3.6 to
7 ; 1 to
7 molecules/cm2 /sec Shaw et al. 2003 [21 ] estimated flux global 1998 annual Remote sensing: SeaWiFS 0.085 Erickson and Hernandez 2002 [29 ] used Broadgate 1997 relationship to chlorophyll; low because included ocean gyre regions global 2001 annual Remote sensing: SeaWiFS 0.31–1.09 (0.92 mean)
5 to
8 molecules/cm2 /secGantt et al. 2009 [22 ] highest rates in mid-latitude spring and summer; coastal and runoff areas gyres 1998 annual Remote sensing: SeaWiFS 0.1 to
7 molecules/cm2 /sec Erickson and Hernandez 2002 [29 ] used Broadgate 1997 relationship to chlorophyll coastal and high chlorophyll areas 1998 annual Remote sensing: SeaWiFS 2 to
7 molecules/cm2 /sec Erickson and Hernandez 2002 [29 ] used Broadgate 1997 relationship to chlorophyll Diatoms Southern Ocean Jan-Feb 2002 Remote sensing: SeaWiFS (A) 0.2 to
8 molecules/cm2 /sec (
8 average); (B) 0.1–
8 molecules/cm2 /sec (
8 average) Meskhidze and Nenes 2006, 2007 [17 , 30 ] (A) use Palmer & Shaw 2005 for isoprene concentrations; (B) use Wingenter 2004 and 2007 [23 , 31 ] scaled to SeaWiFS chlorophyll Diatoms coastal U.S. Jul 2001 Remote sensing: SeaWiFS
8 to
9 molecules/cm2 /secGantt et al. 2010 [40 ] New York, Los Angeles, New Orleans global Remote sensing: MODIS 0.12 107 to 109 molecules/cm2 /sec Palmer and Shaw 2005 [41 ] global 2000 annual Remote sensing: SeaWIFS and PHYSAT model 0.27 (0.18 5th %ile, 0.45 95th %ile)
5 to
9 molecules/cm2 /sec (
7 mean)Arnold et al. 2009 [37 ] bottom-up; global ensemble results global 2000 annual Remote sensing: SeaWIFS and PHYSAT model 0.27 to 1.68 Arnold et al. 2009 [37 ] Bottom-up and top-down estimates global 2006 annual Remote sensing: MODIS and SeaWIFS 0.32 bottom-up; 11.6 top-down Luo and Yu 2010 [42 ] isoprene ; top-down adjusted upwards in comment to reviewersglobal 2006 annual Remote sensing: MODIS and SeaWIFS 0.013 bottom-up; 29.5 top-down Luo and Yu 2010 [42 ]
-pinene ; top-down adjusted upwards in comment to reviewers
