Production and Emissions of Marine Isoprene and Monoterpenes: A Review

Table 3

Ambient air mixing ratios of isoprene (or monoterpenes where noted).a

Species	Location represented	Time	Study type	Mixing ratio (pptv)	Referenceb	Notes
	Tropical Pacific, N. hemisphere	Feb-Mar 2006	Field	<1 (mean)	Galbally et al. 2007 [52]	aircraft data from 0–2 km altitude
	Amsterdam Island, S. Indian Ocean	Mar 1986–May 1987	Field	<2	Bonsang et al. 1992 [2]	suspect canister losses, values perhaps to 10 ppt
	Arctic Ocean	Aug 1999	Field	<2	Hopkins et al. 2002 [66]	53–81^∘N; continuous Arctic sunlight
	Southern Ocean	Jan-Feb 2002	Field	<3	Wingenter et al. 2004 [23]	Southern Ocean Iron Enrichment Experiment (SOFEX)
	Pacific Ocean	May-Jun 1987	Field	<2–36	Bonsang et al. 1992 [2]
	Cape Grim, Tasmania	Jan-Feb 1999	Field	1.8–7.9 range (5.7 day mean, <1.6 night mean)	Lewis et al. 2001 [8]	marine winds
	Florida Straits, Gulf Stream	Sep 1993	Field	<11	Milne et al. 1995 [25]	also report modeled concentrations <1 ppt based on calculated fluxes
	Cape Grim, Tasmania	Feb-Mar 2006	Field	14 (mean)	Galbally et al. 2007 [52]	methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein (isoprene degradation products) <2 ppt; short isoprene lifetime (<0.1 day)
Seaweed-filled rockpools	Mace Head, Ireland	Sep-Oct 1998	Field	0–22 (7 mean)	Broadgate et al. 2004 [20]	estimated concentration based on flux
	Mace Head, Ireland	July-Aug 1996	Field	0–25 (6.2 mean for SW winds, 3.9 mean for NW winds)	Lewis et al. 1997 [7]	NW or SW winds
	Mace Head, Ireland	Apr-May 1997	Field	0–37 (2.6 mean)	Lewis et al. 1999 [50]	polar/tropical/westerly winds
Diatoms and haptophytes dominant	Southern Indian Austral Ocean	Dec 2004	Field	0–50	Colomb et al. 2009 [54]	isoprene; 40–49^∘S; Zones IIb, IIc, III; species suggested from satellite data & PHYSAT model
	Southern Ocean	Dec 1997–Mar 1998	Field	<1–57 (13 mean)	Yokouchi et al. 1999 [53]	very variable concentrations; highest levels south of 45^∘S when winds from west and south
	North Pacific	May 2001	Field	7.2–110; day mean 31, night mean 70	Matsunaga et al. 2002 [27]	3.2 pptv is estimated max concentration supported by measured oceanic flux
	West Pacific, Indian Ocean, S.E. Asian Sea	Nov–Feb; 1996-1997	Field	<10 Indian Ocean and East China Sea; >100 near islands and Australia	Yokouchi et al. 1999 [53]	highest levels were near land (to 286 pptv); however, near-Australia values had back trajectories from Southern Ocean, not land
Prochlorococcus and haptophytes dominant	Southern Indian Austral Ocean	Dec 2004	Field	40–150	Colomb et al. 2009 [54]	isoprene; 24–39.5^∘S; Zones I–IIa North of Aghula Front; species suggested from satellite data & PHYSAT model
	Mace Head, Ireland	Jul–Sep 2002	Field	<270	Heard et al. 2006 [67]	When winds from ocean
	coastal Crete	Feb–Oct 2004	Field	10–300	Liakakou et al. 2007 [9]	for marine-derived back-trajectories; values >100 from May–Aug
Prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria	South Atlantic	Jan–Mar 2007	Field	48 max (26 mean) before bloom	Yassaa et al. 2008 [35]	isoprene; species suggested by pigments
Dinoflagellates, diatoms. pelagophytes	South Atlantic	Jan–Mar 2007	Field	32–375 (187 mean) during bloom	Yassaa et al. 2008 [35]	isoprene; species suggested by pigments
Prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria	South Atlantic	Jan–Mar 2007	Field	14 max (5 mean) before bloom	Yassaa et al. 2008 [35]	𝜶 -pinene dominant monoterpene; species suggested by pigments
Dinoflagellates, diatoms. Pelagophytes	South Atlantic	Jan–Mar 2007	Field	56–225 (125 mean) during bloom	Yassaa et al. 2008 [35]	𝜶 -pinene dominant monoterpene; species suggested by pigments
Prochlorococcus and haptophytes dominant	Southern Indian Austral Ocean	Dec 2004	Field	20–100	Colomb et al. 2009 [54]	sum monoterpenes; 24–39.5∘S; Zones I–IIa North of Aghula Front; species suggested from satellite data and PHYSAT model
Diatoms and haptophytes dominant	Southern Indian Austral Ocean	Dec 2004	Field	0–40	Colomb et al. 2009 [54]	sum monoterpenes; 40–49∘S; Zones IIb,IIc,III; species suggested from satellite data and PHYSAT model
Diatoms; Emiliania huxleyi and other coccolithophores	Raunefjord, Southern Norway	May-Jun 2005	Field mesocosm	<60–2400 (180 median)	Sinha et al. 2007 [39]	many phytoplankton types detected, species listed bloomed; macroalgae also present outside mesocosms
Diatoms	Southern Ocean	Jan-Feb 2002	Remote sensing (SeaWiFS)	0.03–0.68 (0.17 mean)	Meskhidze and Nenes 2006, 2007 [17, 30]	Palmer & Shaw 2005 for isoprene-chlorophyll relationship; SOFEX scaled to SeaWiFS chlorophyll (Wingenter 2004, 2007 [23, 31])
Diatoms	coastal U.S.	Jul 2001	Remote sensing (SeaWiFS)	10 (midday mean) NY and NOL; 2.5 (midday mean) LA	Gantt et al. 2010 [40]	New York, Los Angeles, New Orleans
		2006 annual	Remote sensing (MODIS & SeaWIFS)	0–280	Luo and Yu 2010 [42]	Isoprene
		2006 annual	Remote sensing (MODIS & SeaWIFS)	0–170	Luo and Yu 2010 [42]	𝜶 -pinene

aReferences are grouped by study type (e.g., field or remote sensing-based modeling studies), in roughly increasing order of mixing ratios.
bOnly first and second authors were listed to conserve space.