Toward an Understanding of the Madden-Julian Oscillation: With a Mesoscale-Convection-Resolving Model of 0.2 Degree Grid

Figure 8

Horizontal distribution of the low-level rainwater mixing ratio (g kg⁻¹) or surface rainfall intensity (mm h⁻¹) in case (R) at a time interval of 12 hours: (a) from 578 day 12 hour to 584 day 00 hour, (b) 584 day 12 hour–590 day 00 hour, (c) 590 day 12 hour–596 day 00 hour, and (d) 596 day 12 hour–602 day 00 hour. Each of cloud clusters, which constitute the synoptic-scale convective system, is labeled by F4, G1, G2,…, and H4. Squall line clusters are labeled by S1 and S2. The ordinate ranges from 8S to 8N.