Distribution, Composition, and Vertical Fluxes of Particulate Matter in Bays of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Vaigach Island at the End of Summer

Politova, N. V.; Shevchenko, V. P.; Zernova, V. V.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/259316

Advances in Meteorology

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Svalbard Meteorology

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2012 | Article ID 259316 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/259316

Distribution, Composition, and Vertical Fluxes of Particulate Matter in Bays of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Vaigach Island at the End of Summer

N. V. Politova,¹V. P. Shevchenko,¹and V. V. Zernova¹

Academic Editor: Igor N. Esau

Received15 Sept 2011

Revised09 Jan 2012

Accepted19 Jan 2012

Published22 Mar 2012

Abstract

An analysis of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and phytoplankton distribution, composition and vertical particle fluxes in Russkaya Gavan’ Bay (Northern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Bezymyannaya Bay (Southern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Dolgaya Bay (northwestern part of the Vaigach Island) in comparison with the data from the Svalbard Archipelago is presented. Field studies were carried out by the authors during the 9th expedition of the RV “Professor Logachev” in September 1994, the 11th, 13th, and 14th expeditions of the RV “Akademik Sergey Vavilov” in September-October 1997 and August-September 1998. The data about Spitsbergen fjords are from literature. Our results show that, on the bays of the Barents Sea islands, most SPM stays in the bays (fjords) and only small part of it reaches the open sea. This is due to the hydrodynamic conditions in the bays, the large size of the particles, flocculation, and often to the morphological barriers in the relief at the bay entrances. It is important for ecological purposes to map out migration pathways of the SPM with pollutants from bays to the open sea. Results of our investigation indicate that the western bays of the Novaya Zemlya act as traps for SPM derived from glaciers and coastal abrasion.

1. Introduction

The suspended particulate matter (SPM) is an important link in the natural cycle of matter. Its study in the Ocean is necessary for understanding modern sedimentation processes and for the ecological assessment of the state of the environment [1, 2]. Currently, SPM in the Arctic is studied insufficiently in order to receive the complete picture of the sedimentation process in the severe polar conditions [3, 4].

The fjords of the archipelagos and islands are one of sediment sources for the Barents Sea [5]. The intensive glacial meltwater discharge and riverine runoff occur on the Novaya Zemlya and Svalbard archipelagos [6–9]. Studies in fjords receiving glacial meltwater show diversity of biogeochemical and sedimentological processes taking place there [10–14]. SPM in glacier-influenced fjords of western coast of the northern Novaya Zemlya was studied by Medvedev and Potekhina [6] using filtration through the old type filters (nitrocellulose membrane), which increased the values of SPM concentration because of the colmatage [15]. Since 1996 SPM in fjords of the northern Novaya Zemlya was studied by modern methods [16–20]. SPM in fjords of the Svalbard was studied by scientists from different countries [5, 9, 12–14, 21].

Some fjords of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago are also the damping places of the nuclear waste. It is important for ecological purposes of the region monitoring to map out migration pathways of the SPM with pollutants from bays to the open sea [22].

Particle fluxes have been studied in detail in the western Barents Sea, the Norwegian Sea, the Greenland Sea, and in the Fram Strait [23–30]. The first studies of particle fluxes in the Kara Sea and in the eastern Barents Sea were carried out in September 1993 during the 49-th cruise of the RV “Dmitry Mendeleev” [31] and in August-September 1994 during the 9-th cruise of the RV “Professor Logachev” [32–34].

We have carried out a comparative analysis of SPM and phytoplankton distribution and composition and of the vertical particle fluxes in Russkaya Gavan’ Bay (Northern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Bezymyannaya Bay (Southern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Dolgaya Bay (northwestern part of the Vaigach Island), and in the fjords of the Svalbard Archipelago.

2. Materials and Methods

Field studies were carried out during the 9th expedition of the RV “Professor Logachev” in September 1994, the 11th, 13th, and 14th expeditions of the RV “Akademik Sergey Vavilov” in September-October 1997 and August-September 1998 (Figures 1–3; Tables 1 and 2).

For SPM studies the filtration of water samples was carried out through Nuclepore membrane filters 47 mm in diameter (pore size 0.45 μm). For vertical particle flux studies, we used small cylindrical sediment traps (vinil plastic cylinders, 118 mm in diameter, with a 490 mm high working part and baffled grid installed in the upper part to avoid washing out of the sediments). Prior to sediment trap deployment, we poured into the flasks 5 mL 40% formalin to eliminate bacterial activity and to prevent the settled particles from being eaten by zooplankton.

For studying the SPM distribution and to establish the correlation between the SPM concentration and the beam attenuation coefficient, we used “Del’fin” transparency probe. Its measurement range is 0.01–8.00 m⁻¹ with absolute accuracy 0.005 m⁻¹ on the 555 nm wave length [3]. Spatial distribution of SPM in the surface waters of the Barents Sea was assessed using the data of the ocean color scanner SeaWiFS (data of the second and third levels were verified by the measurements in situ in time of satellite passing; the algorithm was modified for the Barents Sea) [35].

For plankton studies, we used method of reverse filtration (1–6 L of the water) through the membrane nuclear filter (the pore size was 1 μm), then the sample was concentrated again up to the volume 5–6 mL. The counting and determination of algae and microzooplankton were carried out in the counting camera with volume 0.05 mL by microscope MBI-3 with magnification of 210–420 times.

We used laser-optical counter of the particles CIS-1 (Galai, Israel) in Alfred-Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Researchers (Bremerhaven, Germany) for granulometric studies of the SPM from the filters in the range 0.5–100 μm. Filters were also studied in the scanning electron microscope JSM-U3 (Jeol, Japan).

In more details the methods of SPM and particle flux studies are described elsewhere [18, 31, 33, 34].

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Quantitative Distribution of the SPM in the Bays

In the Russkaya Gavan' Bay, it was the period of active melting of the glacier. The SPM concentration in the surface layer in the inner part of the bay was >10 mg/L, reaching value of 265 mg/L near the Shokalsky Glacier edge (Figure 1). In the outer part of the bay, SPM concentration in the surface layer was from 2 to 10 mg/L, and in adjacent Barents Sea it was <2 mg/L [36]. The concentration of SPM decreases under the picnocline.

On September 26-27, 1994 in the inner part of the Bezymyannaya Bay, SPM concentration (Figure 2) was >3 mg/L, decreasing towards the open sea, where concentration is <1 mg/L [18]. We could assume that suspended matter mostly deposits in the outer part of the bay. The SPM concentrations in the area of the river tributary were relatively low, so the influence of the river was insignificant and the abrasion prevailed as the source of the suspended matter during the period of our investigations.

In the Dolgaya Bay of Vaigach Island, the SPM concentration was relatively low (0.15–2.58 mg/L). The decreasing of SPM concentration occurs also from inner part of the bay to the open sea (Figure 3).

The high concentrations of the SPM were observed in the other bays of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago. For example, in the Inostrantsev Bay, the SPM concentrations were 13.05 mg/L in the surface waters, decreasing under the picnocline and towards the open sea [20].

The SPM concentrations of such degree were observed in the fjords of the Svalbard Archipelago too; in the Kongsfjorden in 1999, the concentrations on the surface were more than 400 mg/L near the glacier edge and 2-3 mg/L in the outer part of the bay [13], in the Hornsund Bay in July 2002 the values were 12.1–19.5 mg/L [37], and in the Grønfjorden in 2001-2002 summers they reached 25.4 mg/L [12]. In the Adventfjorden tidal flat, the SPM concentration in the July 2002 was 911.3 mg/L, and it decreased sharply as the distance from the river mouth increased [9]. The distribution on the surface of the area and on the vertical is similar to the Novaya Zemlya bays.

The investigations have shown a good comparability between the optical measurements and data on natural SPM concentration. The spatial distribution of SPM on the sea surface obtained from the data of the SeaWiFS ocean color scanner agrees with the field in situ data (the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.91) [35]. The regression equation was calculated as where is SPM concentrations (mg/L), is index of backscattering by the suspended matter (m⁻¹), calculated using the algorithm [35].

For vertical distribution of SPM in the Arctic, the presence of two maximums is typical: in the surface and (not always) in near-bottom (nepheloid) layers [3], but in our investigations in the bay the appreciable increasing was not observed in the bays (Figure 4). We have added the optical scanning of the water column to the sampling on the definite depths, and the regression equation was calculated as where is SPM concentrations (mg/L), is attenuation coefficient (m⁻¹) [36]. The correlation between SPM concentration and beam attenuation coefficient was 0.94 for more than 100 measurements.

(a)

(b)

3.2. Composition of the SPM

The granulometric composition of the suspended matter is mainly pelitic. The size of the particles is 1–5 μm (middle pelitic fraction) (Figures 5 and 6, Table 3). In the outer parts of the bays, the size of the particles has grown probably because of the increase of the biogenic component of the suspended matter.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

The lithogenic particles prevailed in the composition of the suspended matter in the coastal zone and in the bays (Figure 7(a)). In the direction to the open sea, the role of the biogenic component of the suspended matter (phytoplankton—such as diatoms, dinoflagellates) increases (Figure 7(b)) [38, 39]. Surface phytoplankton in the Russkaya Gavan’ Bay was very poor (average numbers concentration was 365 cells/L and biomass −4.2 mg/m³), and it had gone to the autumn stage of development [40]. Dinoflagellates were the most numerical group (46%), and diatoms had only 18%. Only some cells had chromatophores (Chaetoceros decipiens, Pterosperma undulata, Protoperidinium bipes, and P. brevipes). The concentration of diatom cells with chromatophores (“living cells”) was equal to the number of empty valves (65–50 cells/L). Conditions for algae life are bad here because high contents of mineral suspended matter coming from glaciers. Similar situations with the plankton impoverishment of the water in the fjords with glaciers were described in the Spitsbergen fjords [41–43].

(a)

(b)

3.3. Vertical Particle Fluxes

The location of the mooring stations with the sediment traps is shown on Figure 8. Low values of the particle fluxes (from 5.8 to 17.7 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) and particulate organic carbon fluxes (from 0.5 to 1.59 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹) from the euphotic zone were measured in the open sea, which is evidence for an ultraoligotrophic character of the studied area [44] during the time of expedition. Much higher particle fluxes were registered in the outer part of Russkaya Gavan’ Bay, Novaya Zemlya Archipelago (up to 7660 mg m⁻² d⁻¹), and in the Karskie Vorota Strait (up to 2040 mg m⁻² d⁻¹).

Particle flux at the station ASV-5 in the Russkaya Gavan’ Bay (76°16′N, 62°27.1′E, water depth 104 m) at 70 m was 346 mg m⁻² d⁻¹, and organic carbon flux was 2.47%. Particle flux at 85 m depth (19 m above the sea bottom) at this station was 7660 mg m⁻² d⁻¹. Particulate matter collected by sediment traps in the open sea areas consisted mainly of amorphous aggregates (“marine snow”) and pellets of Crustacea (Figure 9). In the bays sedimentary matter consisted mainly of mineral grains, only few empty diatom valves were found here. Conditions for algae life is bad here because of the high contents of mineral suspended matter coming from the land.

(a)

(b)

(c)

The high values of the vertical particle fluxes were described in fjords of Spitsbergen: Kongsbreene (933000 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) near the melting glacier [45], Adventfjorden (over 1000000 mg m⁻² d⁻¹) at the front of the river mouth [9], and Greenfjorden −180000 mg m⁻² d⁻¹ in 2005–2009 summers [14, 46]. The high rates of the sedimentation were marked in the fjords of the polar archipelagoes [47]. So, the suspended matter of the fjords is mainly deposed in the bay or near the outlet. The investigations in similar fjords of Alaska [48] showed that the sedimentation of the mainly volume of the suspended matter from the glaciers is occurred in the fjord or not far from the bay, only occasionally the undercooled near-bottom waters bring them into the deeper areas.

4. Conclusions

In general, on the archipelagos and islands of the Barents Sea SPM mostly deposits in bays (fjords), and only small part of it is delivered to the open sea because of the hydrodynamic conditions in the bays, the large size of the particles, flocculation, and morphological barriers in the relief on the enter of the bays [49]. It is important for ecological purposes to know the ways of migration of the SPM with pollutants from bays to the open sea. Our investigations allowed us to say that the bays of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago are the traps for the suspended matter from the glaciers and coast abrasion, and the pollutants from the Novaya Zemlya will stay in the bays.

Acknowledgments

The studies were supported by Russian Fund of Basic Research (Grant 11-05-00087), Russian Ministry for the Education and the Science (Grant NSh-3714.2010.5), and the Earth Sciences Department of Russian Academy of Sciences (Project “Nanoparticles in the Earth’s geospheres”). The practical help of masters and crews of the RV “Professor Logachev” and “Akademik Sergey Vavilov” is acknowledged. The authors are grateful to Academician A. P. Lisitzin, G. I. Ivanov, N. A. Aibulatov, R. Stein, and P. V. Boyarsky for support.

References

N. A. Aibulatov, Dynamics of the Particulate Matter in the Shelf Zone, Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, Russia, 1990.
A. P. Lisitzin, Oceanic Sedimentation. Lithology and Geochemistry, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
A. P. Lisitsin, V. P. Shevchenko, and V. I. Burenkov, “Hydrooptics and suspended matter of Arctic Seas,” Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics, vol. 13, pp. 61–71, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
N. A. Aibualtov, Geoecology of Shelf and Coasts of Russian Seas, Noosphera, Moscow, Russia, 2001.
A. Elverhøi, S. L. Pfirman, A. Solheim, and B. B. Larssen, “Glaciomarine sedimentation in epicontinental seas exemplified by the northern Barents Sea,” Marine Geology, vol. 85, no. 2–4, pp. 225–250, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
V. S. Medvedev and E. M. Potekhina, “Export of terrigenous suspended material by Novaya Zemlya glaciers into the Barents Sea,” in Modern Sedimentogenesis in Shelves of the World Ocean, N. A. Aibulatov, Ed., pp. 103–110, Nauka, Moscow, Russia, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
G. G. Matishov, Environment and Ecosystems of Novaya Zemlya, The Archipelago and the Shelf, Kola Science Centre Publication, Apatity, Russia, 1995.
R. Hodgkins, “Glacier hydrology in Svalbard, Norwegian High Arctic,” Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 16, no. 9, pp. 957–973, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Zajaczkowski and M. Włodarska-Kowalczuk, “Dynamic sedimentary environments of an Arctic glacier-fed river estuary (Adventfjorden, Svalbard). I. Flux, deposition, and sediment dynamics,” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 74, no. 1-2, pp. 285–296, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. P. M. Syvitski and J. W. Murray, “Particle interaction in fjord suspended sediment,” Marine Geology, vol. 39, no. 3-4, pp. 215–242, 1981.
View at: Google Scholar
A. G. Lewis and J. P. M. Syvitski, “The interaction of plankton and suspended sediment in fjords,” Sedimentary Geology, vol. 36, no. 2–4, pp. 81–92, 1983.
View at: Google Scholar
M. V. Mityaev, I. A. Pogodina, and M. V. Gerasimova, “Facies variability of recent sediments in the Hornsunn Fjord, western Spitsbergen,” Lithology and Mineral Resources, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 401–407, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. V. Ivanov, A. K. Pavlov, and J.-B. Orbaek, “Investigations of concentration of the suspended particles in the Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen Archipelago,” in Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Spitsbergen Nature, Proceedings of VII International Conference, pp. 156–164, Apatity, Russia, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
G. A. Tarasov and O. V. Kokin, “On the investigation of the particle fluxes in the Gronfjord,” in Marine Investigations of the Polar regions of the Earth in the International Polar Year 2007/08, Proceedings of International conference, pp. 84–85, St.-Petersburg, Russia, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
L. L. Demina, “Methods of the suspended particle matter separation,” in Modern Methods of the Hydrochemical Investigations of the Ocean, O. K. Bordovskii and A. M. Chernyakova, Eds., pp. 7–13, Moscow, Russia, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
S. A. Korsun, Scientific Report of MMBI Expedition “Yasnogorsk’95”. Marine Biological and Geological Studies off Novaya Zemlya Glaciers and in St. Anna Trough, Kola Science Centre Publication, Apatity, Russia, 1996.
V. P. Shevchenko, M. V. Gerasimova, S. A. Korsun, V. V. Serova, G. A. Tarasov, and A. A. Filippova, “Quantitative distribution and composition of water suspension in the impact area of glaciers of Novaya Zemlya, Northern Island,” in Biological Processes and Evolution of Marine Ecosystems under Conditions of Oceanic Periglacial. Abstracts of International Conference, p. 71, Murmansk, Russia, October 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
V. P. Shevchenko, G. I. Ivanov, S. S. Shanin, and E. A. Romankevich, “The distribution of total suspended matter and particulate organic carbon in the St. Ana Trough and in the Barents Sea,” Berichte zur Polarforschung, vol. 342, pp. 55–67, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
V. P. Shevchenko, N. V. Politova, G. I. Ivanov et al., “Suspended sediment distribution and vertical particle fluxes in western bays of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago and Vaigach Island,” Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung, no. 482, pp. 134–141, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Korsun and M. Hald, “Modern benthic foraminifera off Novaya Zemlya tidewater glaciers, Russian Arctic,” Arctic and Alpine Research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 61–77, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Gorlich, J. M. Weslawski, and M. Zajaczkowski, “Suspension settling effect on macrobenthos biomass distribution in the Hornsund fjord, Spitsbergen,” Polar Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 175–192, 1987.
View at: Google Scholar
N. A. Aibulatov, An Ecological Response of the Cold War’s Impact in the Russian Arctic Seas, GEOS, Moscow, Russia, 2000.
S. Honjo, “Particle fluxes and modern sedimentation in the polar oceans,” in Polar Oceanography. Part B: Chemistry, Biology and Geology, W. O. Smith, Ed., pp. 687–739, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Wassmann, R. Martinez, and M. Vernet, “Respiration and biochemical composition of sedimenting organic matter during summer in the Barents Sea,” Continental Shelf Research, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 79–90, 1994.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Wassmann, E. Bauerfeind, M. Fortier et al., “Particulate organic carbon flux to the Arctic Ocean sea floor,” in The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, R. Stein and R. W. Macdonald, Eds., pp. 101–138, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
B. von Bodungen, A. Antia, E. Bauerfeind et al., “Pelagic processes and vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea,” Geologische Rundschau, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 11–27, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
I. Andreassen, E. M. Nothig, and P. Wassmann, “Vertical particle flux on the shelf off northern Spitsbergen, Norway,” Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 137, no. 1–3, pp. 215–228, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
V. N. Lukashin, M. E. Vinogradov, V. Yu. Gordeev, and V. Yu. Rusakov, “Sedimentary material streams in the Norwegian Sea: data from the year-round sediment-trapping station,” Transactions (Doklady) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Earth Science Sections, vol. 349, no. 5, pp. 844–847, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
E. Bauerfeind, C. Garrity, M. Krumbholz, R. O. Ramseier, and M. Voß, “Seasonal variability of sediment trap collections in the Northeast Water Polynya. Part 2. Biochemical and microscopic composition of sedimenting matter,” Journal of Marine Systems, vol. 10, no. 1–4, pp. 371–389, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Reigstad, C. Wexels Riser, P. Wassmann, and T. Ratkova, “Vertical export of particulate organic carbon: attenuation, composition and loss rates in the northern Barents Sea,” Deep-Sea Research II, vol. 55, no. 20-21, pp. 2308–2319, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. P. Lisitsyn, V. P. Shevchenko, M. E. Vinogradov, O. V. Severina, V. V. Vavilova, and I. N. Mitskevich, “Particle fluxes in the Kara Sea and Ob and Yenisey estuaries,” Oceanology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 683–693, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
G. I. Ivanov, V. P. Shevchenko, E. E. Musatov, T. V. Ponomarenko, A. A. Svertilov, and A. V. Nesheretov, “Multidisciplinary research on the Svyataya Anna Trough (the Kara Sea),” Oceanology, vol. 37, pp. 632–634, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
V. P. Shevchenko, G. I. Ivanov, A. A. Burovkin et al., “Sedimentary material flows in the St. Anna Trough and eastern Barents Sea,” Doklady Earth Sciences, vol. 359, no. 3, pp. 400–403, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
V. P. Shevchenko, G. I. Ivanov, and V. V. Zernova, “Vertical particle fluxes in the St. Anna Trough and in the Eastern Barents Sea in August-September 1994,” Berichte zur Polarforschung, vol. 342, pp. 46–54, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
V. I. Burenkov, S. V. Ershova, O. V. Kopelevich, S. V. Sheberstov, and V. P. Shevchenko, “An estimate of the distribution of suspended matter in the Barents Sea waters on the basis of the SeaWiFS satellite ocean color scanner,” Oceanology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 622–628, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
N. A. Aibulatov, V. A. Matyushenko, V. P. Shevchenko, N. V. Politova, and E. M. Potekhina, “New data on the transverse structure of lateral suspended matter fluxes along the margins of the Barents Sea,” Geoecologiya, vol. 6, pp. 526–540, 1999 (Russian).
View at: Google Scholar
M. V. Mityaev and M. V. Gerasimova, “Facies variability of recent sediments in the Hornsunn fjord (Western Spitsbergen),” in Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Spitsbergen Nature, Proceedings of III International conference, pp. 99–108, Apatity, Russia, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
V. V. Zernova, V. P. Shevchenko, and N. V. Politova, “Features of the phytocoene structure of the Barents Sea over a meridional section at 37°-40°E (September 1997),” Oceanology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 395–403, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Y. Rusakov, A. P. Lisitsyn, S. S. Izotova, A. S. Moskalev, A. O. Gazenko, and F. Rahold, “Distribution and mineral composition of particulate matter in the Franz Victoria Trough (Northern Barents Sea),” Oceanology, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 247–256, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
V. V. Zernova, V. P. Shevchenko, and N. V. Politova, “Phytoplankton and vertical microalgae fluxes in the north-eastern part of the Barents Sea in September 1997,” in Experience of System Oceanologic Studies in the Arctic, Lisitzin A. P., Vinogradov M. E., and Romankevich E. A., Eds., pp. 301–316, Scientific World, Moscow , Russia, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Keck, J. Wiktor, R. Hapter, and R. Nilsen, “Phytoplankton assemblages related to physical gradients in an Arctic, glacier-fed fjord in summer,” ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 56, pp. 203–214, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. B. Okolodkov, B. Yu, R. Hapter, and S. V. Semovski, “Phytoplankton in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, July 1996,” Sarsia, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 345–352, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Wiktor and K. Wojciechowska, “Differences in taxonomic composition of summer phytoplankton in two fjords of West Spitsbergen, Svalbard,” Polish Polar Research, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 259–268, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
V. P. Shevchenko, A. P. Lisitzin, V. V. Zernova et al., “Vertical particle fluxes in seas of the western Russian Arctic,” in Proceedings of the Humanity and the World Ocean: Interdependence at the Dawn of the New Millennium (PACON '99 ), pp. 239–249, Moscow, Russia, June 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Zajaczkowski, “On the use of sediment traps in sedimentation measurements in glaciated fjords,” Polish Polar Research, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 161–174, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
G. A. Tarasov, “New data on the particle fluxes in the Gronfjord (Western Spitsbergen),” in Complex Investigation of the Spitsbergen Nature, Abstracts of IV International Conference, pp. 151–159, Apatity, Russia, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Elverhoi, O. Lonne, and R. Seland, “Glaciomarine sedimentation in a modern fjord environment, Spitsbergen,” Polar Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 127–150, 1983.
View at: Google Scholar
R. A. Feely, G. D. Cline, G. J. Massoth et al., “Composition, transport and deposition of suspended matter in lower Cook inlet and Shelikhov Strait, Alaska,” Environmental Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Annual Report, vol. 5, pp. 195–263, 1979.
View at: Google Scholar
N. N. Dunaev, O. V. Levchenko, L. R. Merklin, and Yu. A. Pavlidis, “The Novaya Zemlya shelf in the late Quaternary,” Oceanology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 407–416, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2012 N. V. Politova et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1316

Downloads

1567

Citations