Potential Impacts of the Introduction of Low-Sulfur Fuel on PM_𝟐.𝟓 Concentrations at Breathing Level in a Subarctic City

Table 1

Total emissions of REF (first value) and LSF (second value) and percent reduction (in brackets) in the nonattainment area, and monthly mean temperatures (𝑇_mon) and frequency of days with temperatures lower than the 1971–2000 mean (𝑇₃₀). Bold values indicate significant changes.

	October	November	December	January	February	March	October to March
PM2.5 (tons)	𝟒.𝟑𝟒∣𝟑.𝟖𝟔; (−11%)	2.83∣2.30; ( −19%)	2.92∣2.44; (−16%)	3.69∣3.21; (−13%)	2.84∣2.44; (−14%)	3.05∣2.63; (−14%)	23∣19.8; (−14%)
PM10×10^4 (mol)	𝟏.𝟒𝟖∣𝟏.𝟑𝟏; (−11%)	1.26∣1.04; ( −18%)	1.25∣1.04; (−17%)	1.38∣1.18; (−15%)	1.13∣0.97; (−14%)	1.22∣1.05; (−13%)	8.99∣7.70; (−14%)
SO2×10^5; (mol)	9.39∣6.59; ( −30%)	8.13∣6.61; (−19%)	7.96∣6.33; (−21%)	𝟗.𝟒𝟐∣𝟕.𝟑𝟒; (−22%)	7.13∣5.57; (−22%)	7.49∣5.87; (−22%)	57.4∣44.4; (−23%)
NO×10^5 (mol)	14.4∣14.1; ( −3%)	13.9∣13.8; (−1%)	13.5∣13.2; (−2%)	𝟏𝟓.𝟑∣𝟏𝟓.𝟐; (−1%)	11.7∣11.7; (+<1%)	12.4∣12.2; (−2%)	94.2∣92.8; (−1%)
𝑇avg (^°C)	−8.1	−14.7	−17.5	−18.2	−13.7	−13.5
𝑇30𝑦-average (^°C)	−4.4	−16.7	−21.1	−23.3	−19.9	−23.9
Frequency of days, with 𝑇mon<𝑇30 (%)	61	23	29	42	17	6