Arctic Climate Variability and Trends from Satellite Observations

Table 2

Parameter means, standard deviations, and confidence levels by region.

Parameter and units				Region
	Arctic region; north of 60^°N	Arctic ocean; north of 60^°N	Arctic land; north of 60^°N	Greenland island	Polar cap; north of 70^°N	Arctic ocean (AO)	Central arctic ocean (CAO)
𝑇𝑠 (^°C)	0.0339±0.0156; (96%)	0.0052±0.01366; (30%)	0.0636±0.0210; (99%)	0.0718±0.0324; (96%)	−0.0069±0.0162; (32%)	−0.0661±0.0273; (98%)	0.0116±0.0195; (44%)
𝛼𝑠 (0 to 1)	−0.0025±0.0007; (99%)	−0.0026±0.0008; (99%)	−0.0025±0.0007; (99%)	−0.0035±0.001; (99%)	−0.0029±0.0009; (99%)	−0.001±0.001; (69%)	−0.003±0.001; (99%)
Re (μm)	0.0504±0.0799; (47%)	0.0373±0.0835; (34%)	0.0640±0.0771; (58%)	0.0446±0.0927; (37%)	0.0560±0.0846; (48%)	0.0478±0.0803; (44%)	−0.0031±0.0853; (3%)
𝜏𝑐 (unitless)	−0.0018±0.0016; (70%)	−0.0038±0.0014; (99%)	0.0003±0.0022; (11%)	0.0019±0.0043; (34%)	−0.0036±0.0016; (97%)	−0.0050±0.0016; (99%)	0.0012±0.0028; (32%)
𝜙𝑐 (0 = liquid, 100 = ice)	0.1880±0.1019; (92%)	−0.1992±0.1669; (90%)	0.1763±0.0901; (94%)	0.2151±0.0941; (97%)	0.3197±0.1245; (98%)	0.1462±0.1243; (75%)	0.3334±0.1378; (98%)
𝑇𝑐 (^°C)	0.0068±0.0132; (39%)	0.0139±0.0143; (66%)	0.0007±0.0136; (4%)	0.0055±0.0264; (16%)	0.0181±0.0160; (73%)	−0.0390±0.0181; (96%)	0.0426±0.0168; (98%)
𝑃𝑐 (hPa)	−0.5080±0.1820; (99%)	−0.5619±0.1836; (99%)	−0.4520±0.1925; (97%)	−0.6006±0.3069; (94%)	−0.5164±0.2126; (98%)	−0.7547±0.2722; (99%)	−0.1226±0.2604; (36%)
PW (cm)	0.0015±0.0006; (99%)	0.0020±0.0006; (99%)	0.0010±0.0006; (87%)	0.0014±0.0005; (99%)	0.0016±0.0006; (99%)	0.0007±0.0011; (51%)	0.0024±0.0008; (99%)
SW↓srf (W/m^2)	−0.1028±0.0958; (71%)	−0.0376±0.805; (35%)	−0.1705±0.1549; (72%)	0.0725±0.4205; (1%)	−0.1375±0.0915; (85%)	−0.1047±0.1358; (55%)	−0.1520±0.1411; (71%)
LW↓srf (W/m^2)	0.1231±0.0639; (93%)	−0.0040±0.0646; (5%)	0.2548±0.0738; (99%)	0.1122±0.1743; (47%)	−0.0726±0.0768; (65%)	−0.1525±0.1116; (81%)	−0.0350±0.1022; (26%)
SW↑srf (W/m^2)	−0.4095±0.1044; (99%)	−0.4321±0.1214; (99%)	−0.3861±0.1376; (99%)	−0.4959±0.3391; (84%)	−0.4533±0.1302; (99%)	−0.1693±0.1797; (64%)	−0.5243±0.1858; (99%)
LW↑srf (W/m^2)	0.1571±0.0644; (98%)	0.0311±0.0571; (41%)	0.2878±0.0830; (99%)	0.2259±0.1133; (94%)	−0.0209±0.0653; (25%)	−0.2589±0.1212; (96%)	0.0476±0.0767; (46%)
SW↓toa (W/m^2)	0.0157±0.0851; (15%)	0.027±0.0576; (4%)	0.0294±0.1157; (20%)	−0.0159±0.386; (31%)	−0.0285±0.0323; (61%)	−0.0342±0.0394; (61%)	−0.0298±0.0321; (64%)
SW↑toa (W/m^2)	−0.3366±0.1879; (91%)	−0.4321±0.1822; (97%)	−0.2376±0.1992; (75%)	−0.5896±0.2643; (96%)	−0.3867±0.1577; (98%)	−0.1229±0.2140; (43%)	−0.4617±0.1765; (98%)
LW↑toa (W/m^2)	0.0260±0.0214; (76%)	0.0227±0.0215; (70%)	0.0294±0.0266; (72%)	0.0776±0.0416; (92%)	0.0170±0.0257; (48%)	−0.1012±0.0420; (98%)	0.0306±0.0348; (61%)
CF𝑆 (W/m^2)	−0.1790±0.0634; (99%)	−0.0604±0.0630; (65%)	−0.3019±0.0854; (99%)	−0.1166±0.0918; (78%)	−0.1484±0.0618; (97%)	−0.0282±0.1288; (17%)	−0.1940±0.0851; (97%)
CF𝐿 (W/m^2)	−0.0318±0.0308; (68%)	−0.0797±0.0371; (96%)	0.0177±0.0300; (3%)	−0.0816±0.1156; (51%)	−0.1023±0.0418; (98%)	−0.0242±0.0403; (45%)	−0.1195±0.0637; (93%)
𝐴𝑐 (0 to 100)	−0.0242±0.0505; (36%)	−0.0898±0.0580; (86%)	0.0438±0.0473; (64%)	−0.2013±0.1369; (85%)	−0.1588±0.0653; (98%)	0.0622±0.0647; (65%)	−0.2636±0.1011; (98%)

The number in parenthesis is the 𝐹 test confidence level for the trend.