Noise Reduction Analysis of Radar Rainfall Using Chaotic Dynamics and Filtering Techniques

Table 2

The BDS statistic values for data series in each case.

			The series with noise			Low-pass filter			Kalman filter			95% C.I
			+ 0.1	+ 0.5	+ 1.0	+ 0.1	+ 0.5	+ 1.0	+ 0.1	+ 0.5	+ 1.0
2	0.5	487.3	535.4	33.3	0.5	266.4	29.6	1.3	446.0	369.0	160.2
	1	201.9	187.6	16.1	1.1	151.9	16.4	1.3	200.0	184.4	72.0
	1.5	11.1	10.6	3.4	−0.3	12.6	5.3	0.6	11.6	12.7	15.9
	2	−20.3	−19.7	−4.0	−1.8	−10.2	−1.3	−0.5	−18.1	−14.9	7.2
3	0.5	650.9	720.8	38.6	0.9	361.2	34.6	1.9	612.5	529.7	256.7
	1	182.6	171.4	15.4	1.4	139.6	15.3	1.8	187.5	177.7	77.8
	1.5	1.5	2.0	2.9	0.2	3.3	4.2	0.9	3.8	6.4	14.9
	2	−17.6	−16.9	−3.4	−1.1	−9.2	−1.1	0.0	−12.9	−10.0	6.6
4	0.5	856.5	957.6	40.4	1.1	477.6	37.9	2.3	807.1	717.9	380.1
	1	174.2	164.3	14.3	1.6	134.3	14.4	2.1	176.3	167.0	74.3
	1.5	0.7	0.4	0.3	0.6	0.9	3.7	1.3	1.4	2.5	11.1
	2	−15.3	−14.8	−3.0	−0.6	−8.6	−1.1	0.4	−10.5	−8.1	6.0
5	0.5	1173.9	1326.4	42.3	1.4	656.7	40.7	2.6	1101.8	1000.8	557.7
	1	168.4	161.5	13.7	1.6	134.5	13.7	2.1	173.6	162.8	74.3
	1.5	−0.8	−1.1	0.2	0.7	−0.8	3.3	1.3	0.3	1.4	8.6
	2	−13.6	−13.5	−2.9	−0.4	−8.2	−1.1	0.5	−9.2	−7.2	5.1