Prediction of Moderate and Heavy Rainfall in New Zealand Using Data Assimilation and Ensemble

Figure 8

Root mean square errors (RMSE, (a)) and mean errors (ME, (b)) of daily rainfall at 630 stations for all simulations. Refer to Table 1 for the meaning of each member. MM denotes the ensemble mean of the 12 members. M_4D and M_3D denote the ensemble mean of the seven 4Dvar members and the five 3Dvar members, respectively. The solid line denotes the value of MM, the same hereafter.

(a)

(b)