Assimilation of Chinese Doppler Radar and Lightning Data Using WRF-GSI: A Case Study of Mesoscale Convective System

Figure 4

The distributions of horizontal and vertical increments for experiments lghtn and radar at 0600 UTC. The first two columns are horizontal increments and the last two columns are vertical increments along 32.89°N. (a1) is the lightning-proxy reflectivity at the 18th level and (a2) is the observed radar reflectivity at the 18th level (unit: dBZ). (a3) is the vertical distribution of lightning-proxy reflectivity, and (a4) is the observed radar reflectivity. Rows two to seven are the increments of perturbation potential temperature (unit: K), water vapor mixing ratio, rain water mixing ratio, snow mixing ratio, ice mixing ratio, and cloud water mixing ratio, respectively (unit: g/kg).