Full-Scale Experimental Validation of Large-Eddy Simulation of Wind Flows over Complex Terrain: The Bolund Hill

Table 1

Mean absolute errors of speedup and TKE increase from the literature and in the present LES. The values in brackets show the best performance of the particular model type.

Model	Mean error of (best)	Mean error of (best)	Wind direction(s)	Reference
RANS 2 eq.	15.1 (11.4)	47.0 (29.9)	and	Bechmann et al. [30]
RANS 1 eq.	17.2 (13.8)	44.7 (42.7)	and	Bechmann et al. [30]
Experiment	14.7 (13.3)	61.4 (59.4)	and	Bechmann et al. [30]
LES	17.3 (14.1)	48.0 (41.6)	and	Bechmann et al. [30]
Linearized	23.7 (20.6)	76.7 (71.4)	and	Bechmann et al. [30]
RANS 2 eq.	10.3	—	Only	Prospathopoulos et al. [6]
Wind-tunnel	12.4	42.2	Only	Conan [36]
LES-EPFL	9.6	—	&	Diebold et al. [35]
Wind tunnel	17	56.3	Only	Yeow et al. [37, 38]
Present LES	10.3	24.1	and	—