Review Article

Difficulties in Determining Snowpack Sublimation in Complex Terrain at the Macroscale

Table 1

Slightly modified from Jackson and Prowse [26], selected studies of sublimation from snow covered terrain.

StudyMethodsSite typeSublimation/evaporation

Bernier and Swanson, 1993 [35]BA, GrForest and open0.25–1.07 mm dy−1
Doty and Johnston, 1969 [36]GrOpen0.15 (January)–1.56 (April) mm dy−1
Fassnacht, 2004 [37]BAVarious USA sites0.23–0.67 mm dy−1
Golding, 1978 [38]BASubalpine forest1.2 mm dy−1 (1975), 2.0 mm dy−1 (1976)
Hood et al., 1999 [14]APAlpine0.9–1.8 mm dy−1 (annual 15% max SWE)
Lundberg et al., 1998 [39]GrForest (Scotland)Max 3.9 mm in 7 hours (canopy)
Kaitera and Teräsvirta, 1972 [40]BABoreal forest0.35 (subcanopy)–0.45 (open) mm dy−1
Kaser, 1982 [41]GrAlpineMean 0.25 mm dy−1, max 2.0 mm dy−1
Marks and Dozier, 1992 [42]BAAlpineMean 2 mm dy−1
Martinelli, 1960 [43]GrAlpine ±0.67 mm dy−1
Meiman and Grant, 1974 [44]Alpine, forest, and open45–60% snow season precipitation
Molotch et al., 2007 [9]ECSubalpine forest0.41 (subcanopy)–0.71 (canopy) mm dy−1
Montesi et al., 2004 [7]GrSubalpine forestCanopy, 20–30% of total snowfall
Nakai et al., 1999 [45]ECBoreal forest canopy1.2 mm dy−1 (snow covered)
Pomeroy et al., 1998 [10]BABoreal forest0.41–1.88 mm dy−1
Pomeroy and Essery, 1999 [21]ECPrairie1.8 mm dy−1
Rylov, 1969 [46]GrOpen (semidesert)0.08 (January)–0.6 (April) mm dy−1
Schmidt and Troendle, 1992 [47]Canadian forestAnnual 46 mm (canopy)
Schmidt et al., 1998 [11]BA, GrSubalpine forest0.61 (southerly), 0.43 (northerly) mm dy−1
Storck et al., 2002 [48]Gr, SCSubalpine forest100 mm/winter, <1 mm dy−1
Suzuki et al., 2006 [49]BA, modelTaiga, larch forest1.0 (forest)–2.0 (open) mm dy−1
West, 1962 [23]GrForest, subcanopy50 mm (2.7% of snowfall) annually
Zhang et al., 2003 [50]BA, GrTaiga0.2–1.0 mm dy−1
Zhang et al., 2004 [25]BA, GrTaiga, larch forest0.22–0.32 mm dy−1

AP: aerodynamic profile; BA: bulk aerodynamic; EC: eddy covariance; Gr: gravimetric, lysimeter; SC: snow course.