Attenuation Correction Effects in Rainfall Estimation at X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar: Evaluation with a Dense Rain Gauge Network

<table class="figure-group"><tr class="fig-image" id="a"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/amete/volume-2016/9716535/figures/9716535.fig.0016a.svgz" name="9716535.fig.0016a" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(a) </b>Normalized bias</td></tr><tr class="fig-image" id="b"><td><object data="https://static.hindawi.com/articles/amete/volume-2016/9716535/figures/9716535.fig.0016b.svgz" name="9716535.fig.0016b" type="image/svg+xml"></object></td></tr><tr class="fig-caption"><td><b>(b) </b>Normalized standard deviation</td></tr></table>

<div>(a) The NB and (b) NSD between <svg height="13.8595pt" id="M250" style="vertical-align:-2.2681pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 59.6551 13.8595" width="59.6551pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M360 -163L167 270L360 703H298L106 273V267L298 -163H360Z" id="g113-61"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="413" vert-adv-y="413"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.369,0)"><path d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z" id="g113-72"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="684" vert-adv-y="684"></glyph.data></g><g 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26V0H520V26C465 32 456 38 456 101V296C456 314 455 326 453 338C491 369 529 390 565 390C628 390 653 345 653 274V107C653 36 642 32 583 26V0H797Z" id="g121-107"></path><glyph.data ascent="989" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="819" vert-adv-y="819"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,49.917,-5.741)"><path d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z" id="g50-51"></path><glyph.data ascent="3443" descent="-2856" horiz-adv-x="487" vert-adv-y="487"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,54.863,0)"><path d="M275 270C275 450 212 609 64 710L45 686C145 604 203 442 203 270S147 -63 45 -147L64 -170C213 -68 275 89 275 270Z" id="g113-42"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="346" vert-adv-y="346"></glyph.data></g></svg> and <svg height="8.8423pt" id="M251" style="vertical-align:-0.2064009pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 9.02496 8.8423" width="9.02496pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z" id="g113-72"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="684" vert-adv-y="684"></glyph.data></g></svg> from 10 rain gauges with accumulation time. <svg height="14.7011pt" id="M252" style="vertical-align:-2.1506pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -12.5505 19.8032 14.7011" width="19.8032pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><rect height="0.65243" width="19.7036" x="0" y="-11.8482"></rect><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M360 -163L167 270L360 703H298L106 273V267L298 -163H360Z" id="g113-61"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="413" vert-adv-y="413"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.369,0)"><path d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z" id="g113-72"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="684" vert-adv-y="684"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,14.261,0)"><path d="M307 267V273L115 703H53L246 270L53 -163H115L307 267Z" id="g113-63"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="413" vert-adv-y="413"></glyph.data></g></svg> is the temporally averaged <svg height="11.439pt" id="M253" style="vertical-align:-2.15067pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -9.28833 19.8032 11.439" width="19.8032pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M360 -163L167 270L360 703H298L106 273V267L298 -163H360Z" id="g113-61"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="413" vert-adv-y="413"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,5.369,0)"><path d="M673 297H417L411 270C517 261 522 258 506 183L487 92C476 38 428 19 360 19C207 19 123 132 123 287C123 472 243 631 441 631C557 631 617 583 617 469L647 472C650 545 655 604 658 632C625 643 554 666 467 666C201 666 23 502 23 278C23 90 156 -16 339 -16C410 -16 501 6 569 24C566 43 567 70 573 101L589 183C604 259 607 262 667 271L673 297Z" id="g113-72"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="684" 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Advances in Meteorology

fig16

Figure 16

Figure 16: Attenuation Correction Effects in Rainfall Estimation at X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar: Evaluation with a Dense Rain Gauge Network 