Long-Term Variations of Temperature and Precipitation in the Megacity of Istanbul for the Development of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change

Table 2

Statistical analyses outputs of temperature and precipitation parameters (SD: standard deviation; Inc.: increase; dec.: decrease).

Parameters	Minimum temperature (°C)						Average temperature (°C)						Maximum temperature (°C)						Precipitation (mm)
Statistics	Periods
	1912–; 1964	1965–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1980	1981–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1964	1965–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1980	1981–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1964	1965–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1980	1981–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1964	1965–; 2016	Inc. or dec.	1912–; 1980	1981–; 2016	Inc. or dec.
Average; /total	10.2	10.7	0.52	10.2	10.9	0.71	13.6	14.0	0.37	13.6	14.1	0.43	18.0	18.7	0.75	18.1	18.7	0.60	811.3	865.6	54.4	826.7	859.1	32.4
SD	6.6	6.6	0.04	6.5	6.7	0.22	7.1	7.2	0.07	7.1	7.3	0.19	8.2	8.4	0.21	8.2	8.5	0.25	9.3	9.1	−0.3	9.1	9.3	0.2
Minimum	−5.4	−4.2	1.16	−5.3	−3.9	1.38	−2.7	−2.1	0.62	−2.7	−1.9	0.74	−0.8	−0.1	0.76	−0.7	0.0	0.68	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maximum	22.3	22.9	0.69	22.2	23.2	0.99	27.6	27.8	0.23	27.7	27.7	0.00	35.6	36.2	0.59	35.8	36.1	0.29	58.9	62.0	3.1	57.9	65.1	7.1
Percentile 5%	−0.4	0.2	0.61	−0.3	0.3	0.55	2.1	2.5	0.49	2.2	2.4	0.26	4.5	5.0	0.52	4.6	4.8	0.15	0.1	0.1	−0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Percentile 25%	4.7	5.2	0.45	4.8	5.2	0.38	7.7	8.0	0.24	7.7	7.8	0.10	11.4	11.9	0.54	11.5	11.6	0.11	0.7	0.5	−0.3	0.6
Percentile 50%	10.6	10.8	0.19	10.5	10.6	0.07	14.0	14.1	0.13	14.0	13.8	−0.20	18.6	19.0	0.40	18.7	18.5	−0.24	2.6	2.1	−0.5	2.3	2.4	0.1
Percentile 75%	15.9	16.5	0.66	15.8	16.4	0.59	19.9	20.4	0.54	19.9	20.1	0.22	25.0	26.1	1.05	25.2	25.5	0.34	7.6	7.2	−0.4	7.3	7.4	0.1
Percentile 95%	19.6	20.3	0.74	19.5	20.2	0.74	23.6	24.2	0.65	23.6	23.9	0.32	29.6	30.7	1.10	29.7	30.0	0.27	22.9	22.6	−0.3	22.7	22.3	−0.5
>30 Cg/>80 mm	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	16	26	10	17	28	10	0	0	0	0	0	0
>25 Cg/>40 mm	0	0	0	0	0	0	7	12	5	7	14	7	90	107	17	94	108	14	2	2	0	2	2	0
<0 Cg, —	23	16	−6	22	16	−6	7	6	−2	7	6	−1	2	1	−1	2	1	−1	—	—	—	—	—	—
<−5 Cg, —	2	1	−1	2	1	−1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	—	—	—	—	—	—
Winter	3.3	3.6	0.32	3.3	3.8	0.48	5.9	6.2	0.31	6.0	6.2	0.20	9.0	9.5	0.47	9.1	9.5	0.35	103.3	109.6	6.3	105.6	106.6	0.9
Spring	7.4	8.7	1.31	7.5	8.2	0.73	11.1	12.4	1.21	11.3	11.9	0.60	16.0	17.1	1.16	16.2	17.0	0.76	49.6	51.3	1.7	51.5	51.1	−0.4
Summer	17.4	18.7	1.24	17.4	18.6	1.25	21.6	22.4	0.82	21.6	22.5	0.91	26.9	27.3	0.43	27.1	28.2	1.09	33.4	33.1	−0.3	33.0	36.8	3.8
Autumn	12.4	12.7	0.28	12.3	12.7	0.36	15.6	15.6	0.00	15.6	15.5	−0.01	19.9	19.7	−0.20	20.0	20.1	0.19	84.2	83.1	−1.0	85.4	91.9	6.5
Annual	10.1	10.9	0.79	10.1	10.8	0.70	13.6	14.1	0.57	13.6	14.0	0.43	17.9	18.4	0.42	18.1	18.7	0.60	67.6	71.9	4.3	68.9	71.6	2.7