Case Study of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding of Clouds over the Pyeongchang Region

Table 1

Summary of the ground-based glaciogenic seeding experiments during 2012–2015.

Exp. number

Location

GN

CPOS

YP^4

Results

Date

LWC^1 (g m^−3)

Cloud type^2

Burning period (LST)

Temp.^3 (°C)

WS^3 (m s^−1)

WD^3 (deg)

Visibility^3 (m)

NOSEED (LST)

SEED (LST)

Post-SEED (LST)

Enhanced rainfall^5 (mm)

MRR^6

PARSIVEL^7

Total conc. (L^−1)

Diameter (mm)

EXP1

2012.02.25

N/A

StNs

1425–1455

−5

3.6

52

233

1345–1435

1435–1525

1525–1655

Yes (0.5)

Yes

N/A

EXP2

2013.03.13

0.29

StNs

1800–1900

−5.3

1.3

55

186

1705–1815

1815–1925

1925–2015

Yes (0.5)

Yes

EXP3

2014.01.04

0.28

St

1530–1600

−4.8

1

45

151

1455–1550

1550–1645

1645–1735

-

No

N/A

EXP4

2015.04.07

0.10

StAs

1510–1610

−3.7

N/A

64

123

1405–1520

1520–1635

1635–1725

Yes (0.5)

Yes

Average liquid water content between 500 m and 1000 m MSL during the period from 1 h before turning the generator on to turning it off. ²Cloud type based on human-eye observations during the period from 1 h before turning the generator on to turning it off. ³Average weather conditions during the burning period. ⁴SEED is the period during which more than 10⁻¹ L of AgI in the WRF simulation exist on the surface at YP. The NOSEED and SEED periods are equally long, whereas the post-SEED is the 50 min period after SEED as estimated by the SNPS at CPOS. ⁵The enhanced precipitation by seeding is calculated as the difference between NOSEED and Tot-SEED (SEED + post-SEED). ⁶“Yes” represents MRR reflectivity increased during Tot-SEED compared with that during NOSEED. ⁷Variation in the average total concentration and diameter during NOSEED and Tot-SEED.