Multidimensional Meteorological Variables for Wind Speed Forecasting in Qinghai Region of China: A Novel Approach

Table 3

Forecasting performances of the proposed model and other models in four seasons at Site 1 and Site 2.

Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 1	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.35	0.31	0.47	0.40	0.35	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.43	0.37	0.59	0.49	0.43	0.10
		MAPE (%)	17.27	13.32	12.27	20.71	17.15	13.78	3.03
		TIC (%)	6.35	5.51	4.79	7.67	6.38	5.60	1.29
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.49	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.59	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	12.76	10.30	8.99	15.38	11.86	11.85	2.44
		TIC (%)	6.11	5.24	4.49	7.25	6.15	5.52	1.24
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.39	0.28	0.22	0.44	0.40	0.34	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.48	0.35	0.27	0.56	0.49	0.43	0.10
		MAPE (%)	26.46	19.85	13.76	30.44	27.60	21.55	5.90
		TIC (%)	8.57	6.31	4.90	10.17	8.75	7.72	1.81
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.41	0.40	0.31	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.51	0.51	0.40	0.10
		MAPE (%)	18.39	17.22	15.68	22.21	18.24	16.64	4.78
		TIC (%)	7.15	6.13	5.27	7.43	7.38	5.99	1.46
Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 2	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.27	0.52	0.39	0.37	0.11
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.34	0.64	0.48	0.48	0.14
		MAPE (%)	14.34	14.06	10.36	22.23	15.38	13.12	4.87
		TIC (%)	6.93	5.95	4.77	9.07	6.81	6.81	1.98
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.49	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.59	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	19.23	17.71	14.15	25.68	20.56	19.24	4.16
		TIC (%)	9.10	7.81	6.69	10.78	9.16	8.24	1.86
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.39	0.29	0.22	0.42	0.37	0.37	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.48	0.34	0.28	0.52	0.46	0.48	0.10
		MAPE (%)	10.92	8.28	6.35	11.88	10.21	10.21	2.17
		TIC (%)	5.08	3.67	2.97	5.60	4.94	5.15	1.07
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.43	0.38	0.30	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.52	0.47	0.37	0.10
		MAPE (%)	8.14	6.73	6.30	9.02	7.90	6.28	1.63
		TIC (%)	4.44	3.80	3.27	4.68	4.29	3.39	0.90