Multidimensional Meteorological Variables for Wind Speed Forecasting in Qinghai Region of China: A Novel Approach

Table 5

Forecasting performances of the proposed model and other models in four seasons at Site 5 and Site 6.

Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 5	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.53	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.64	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	10.72	9.69	8.43	15.08	11.16	10.13	2.46
		TIC (%)	5.39	4.60	3.96	6.93	5.43	4.89	1.10
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.33	0.29	0.49	0.39	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.42	0.36	0.59	0.49	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	13.01	10.32	8.42	15.75	12.30	11.49	2.39
		TIC (%)	5.94	5.09	4.36	7.07	5.99	5.37	1.21
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.26	0.22	0.43	0.38	0.36	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.33	0.27	0.52	0.48	0.44	0.10
		MAPE (%)	12.59	8.55	7.03	14.66	12.60	11.98	2.58
		TIC (%)	6.37	4.25	3.47	6.70	6.15	5.77	1.30
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.31	0.25	0.42	0.38	0.29	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.38	0.29	0.52	0.47	0.36	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.24	14.03	11.94	18.39	16.97	12.04	3.82
		TIC (%)	6.45	4.98	3.87	6.87	6.20	4.81	1.31
Site	Seasons	Criteria	Forecasting models
			Elman	Elman-LASSO	Elman-SCAD	BP	BP-LASSO	BP-SCAD	RF-GSFS-WOA
Site 6	Spring	MAE (m/s)	0.29	0.26	0.22	0.41	0.33	0.29	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.37	0.31	0.28	0.53	0.41	0.36	0.10
		MAPE (%)	13.95	11.40	9.65	18.60	14.59	12.41	3.45
		TIC (%)	6.19	5.16	4.56	8.79	6.70	5.84	1.65
	Summer	MAE (m/s)	0.26	0.22	0.18	0.30	0.23	0.18	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.31	0.28	0.23	0.37	0.28	0.23	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.73	12.62	10.06	18.37	13.56	11.60	4.99
		TIC (%)	5.60	4.97	4.14	6.57	4.98	4.17	1.79
	Autumn	MAE (m/s)	0.38	0.27	0.21	0.45	0.32	0.28	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.49	0.34	0.26	0.54	0.39	0.37	0.10
		MAPE (%)	16.37	11.46	9.36	19.20	13.45	11.73	3.26
		TIC (%)	7.18	5.03	3.82	7.76	5.77	5.44	1.45
	Winter	MAE (m/s)	0.27	0.20	0.15	0.26	0.25	0.21	0.08
		RMSE (m/s)	0.33	0.27	0.19	0.34	0.31	0.27	0.10
		MAPE (%)	14.38	11.93	9.19	15.63	14.07	13.06	4.82
		TIC (%)	6.27	5.06	3.61	6.37	5.88	5.02	1.89