Wind Speed-Independent Two-Source Energy Balance Model Based on a Theoretical Trapezoidal Relationship between Land Surface Temperature and Fractional Vegetation Cover for Evapotranspiration Estimation

Table 3

Comparison of LE (W·m⁻²) estimation accuracies using the HiWATER-MUSOEXE-12 dataset.

Authors	Model/method	Inputs		Sites	Images (dates)	Accuracy
		Ground	Remote sensing/assimilation product			RMSE	MBE	r^2
Yao et al. [28]	TD-TSEB	Ta, P, VP (vapor pressure)	α, ε, Tr, NDVI	DM	Landsat (five dates between 1 Jun and 30 Sep)	89.8	−63.6	0.81
Li et al. [50]	SEBS	Ta, P, u, specific humidity, Rd, Rld	α, ε, Tr, fc, hc, LAI	S1–S17, ZY, GB, SSW, HZZ	ASTER (30 May, 15 Jun, 24 Jun, 10 Jul, 2 Aug, 8 Aug, 27 Aug, and 3 Sep)	64^b; 63^r	24^b; −8^r
Pan et al. [51]	Non–parametric		Tr, α, ε, NDVI, Ta, P, rh, Rd	ZY, S1, S4, S17, GB, SSW	MODIS (25 Jun to 9 Sep)	133	−59	0.48
Xu et al. [52]	TVDA	u, Ta, rh, P, Rd, Rld, Tr, LAI		DM	(7 Jun to 4 Sep)	116	46
	TSEB					132.9	82.2
Song et al. [53]	Two sources + Bayesian	Rd, Rld, u, Ta, rh, P, hc	Tr, α, ε, NDVI, LAI	S1–S17	ASTER (10 Jul and 11 Aug)	17.9	0.7	0.98
Song et al. [47]	TSEBCT	Ta, u, P, VP, Rd, ε	NDVI, Tr, α	S1–S17	ASTER (15 Jun, 24 Jun, 10 Jul, 2 Aug, 11 Aug, 18 Aug, 27 Aug, 3 Sep, and 12 Sep)	52^b; 58^r	3^b; −21^r
	TSEB	Ta, u, P, VP, Rd, ε	NDVI, Tr, α			87^b; 71^r	50^b; 25^r
Yang et al. [54]	HTEM	Ta, LAI, hc, u, fc, rh, P, VPD	NDVI, α, ε Tr	S1–S17, ZY, GB, SSW, HZI	ASTER (10 Jul, 2 Aug, 11 Aug, 18 Aug, 27 Aug, and 3 Sep)	42.3^r	−15.7^r	0.88
	TSEB					49.8^r	4.8^r	0.85
	MOD16					95.3^r	−34.5^r	0.46
Huang et al. [55]	SEBS–NDWI	Ta, u, P, Rd	Tr, α, ε, NDVI, NDWI	S1-S17, GB, SSW, ZY, HZZ	MODIS (15 Jun to 5 Sep)	84.1	37.6
	SEBS	Ta, u, P, Rd, VP	Tr, α, ε, NDVI			117.8	69.4
Ma et al. [56]	SEBS	Ta, u, P, rh	Tr, α, ε, NDVI, LAI	S1–S17, ZY, GB, SSW, HZZ	ASTER (15 Jun, 24 Jun, 10 Jul, 2 Aug, 11 Aug, 18 Aug, 27 Aug, 3 Sep, and 12 Sep)	102.9^b	68^b	0.77
	Revised SEBS					74.8^b	23^b	0.81
Zhuang and Wu [57]	Improved TSEB	u, Ta, rh, P, Rd, Rld	Tr, α, ε, NDVI	S6–S14	ASTER (11 Aug, 18 Aug, 3 Sep, and 12 Sep)	35.1^b	4.1^b
Song et al. [58]	TSEB	LAI, plant width, plant height, leaf width, leaf length, Ta, u, rh, fc, Tr		DM	(18 Jun, 21 Jun, 24 Jun, 10 Jul, 13 Jul, 18 Aug, 8 Sep, and 12 Sep)	61	31
Zhu et al. [59]	Shuttleworth–Wallace + Bayesian	LAI, Ta, u, rh, Rd, Rld, soil moisture		DM	(26 May to 13 Sep)	80.7	24.2	0.83

Superscripts b and c represent the observed LE corrected via the BR and RE method, respectively.