Changes in Temperature Trends and Extremes over Saudi Arabia for the Period 1978–2019

Table 1

Station names, elevation (in meters), and geographic locations (latitude degree N and longitude degree E) in Saudi Arabia along with temperatures (°C) and their linear trends (°C per decade) for the period 1978–2019.

Sr.	Station			Coordinate		Mean temperature (°C)		Maximum temperature (°C)		Minimum temperature (°C)
	Code	Name	Elevation	Lat	Lon	Average	Trend	Average	Trend	Average	Trend
1	40375	Tabuk	778	28.38	36.60	22.37	0.45^a	29.94	0.29^a	14.80	0.62^a
2	40356	Turaif	855	31.68	38.73	19.10	0.38^a	26.15	0.28^a	12.04	0.47^a
3	40360	Guriat	509	31.40	37.28	20.27	0.42^a	28.64	0.22^b	11.90	0.62^a
4	40362	Rafha	449	29.62	43.48	23.57	0.59^a	31.23	0.34^a	15.91	0.83^a
5	40357	Arar	555	30.90	41.13	22.46	0.68^a	29.76	0.68^a	15.15	0.69^a
6	40361	Al-Jouf	689	29.78	40.10	22.26	0.81^a	29.24	0.63^a	15.27	1.00^a
7	40394	Hail	1015	27.43	41.68	22.15	0.63^a	29.64	0.65^a	14.66	0.62^a
8	40405	Gassim	648	26.30	43.77	25.18	0.73^a	32.88	0.93^a	17.48	0.53^a
9	40437	Riyadh	614	24.93	46.72	25.71	0.64^a	33.37	0.35^a	18.05	0.93^a
10	40373	Al-Qaisumah	358	28.32	46.13	25.58	0.55^a	32.99	0.62^a	18.18	0.47^a
11	40417	Dammam	22	26.45	49.82	27.36	0.40^a	34.48	0.10	20.24	0.70^a
12	40420	Al-Ahsa	179	25.30	49.48	27.51	0.68^a	35.17	0.71^a	19.85	0.65^a
13	40400	Al-Wejh	20	26.20	36.48	25.25	0.49^a	30.21	0.51^a	20.30	0.48^a
14	40430	Madinah	654	24.55	39.70	28.37	0.47^a	35.04	0.33^a	21.69	0.60^a
15	40439	Yenbo	8	24.13	38.07	28.04	0.58^a	34.81	0.67^a	21.28	0.50^a
16	41024	Jeddah	15	21.70	39.18	28.90	0.41^a	34.54	0.15	23.26	0.67^a
17	41036	Taif	1478	21.48	40.55	23.20	0.41^a	30.07	0.56^a	16.33	0.26^a
18	41030	Makkah	240	21.43	39.77	31.68	0.76^b	37.91	0.60^b	24.71	0.89^a
19	41055	Al-Baha	1672	20.30	41.65	23.27	0.45^a	29.63	0.49^a	16.92	0.42^a
20	41140	Gizan	6	16.88	42.58	30.79	0.24^a	35.26	0.08	26.32	0.40^a
21	41114	Khamis Mushait	2066	18.30	42.80	20.11	0.67^a	27.15	0.50^a	13.08	0.84^a
22	41112	Abha	2090	18.23	42.65	19.22	0.62^a	25.80	0.62^a	12.64	0.62^a
23	41084	Bisha	1167	19.98	42.63	25.35	0.51^a	33.51	0.50^a	17.20	0.53^a
24	41128	Najran	1214	17.62	44.42	25.21	0.54^a	33.10	0.65^a	17.31	0.42^a
25	41136	Sharorah	720	17.47	47.10	27.90	0.38^a	36.14	0.28^a	19.67	0.48^a
Country						24.64	0.63^a	31.67	0.60^a	17.62	0.64^a

Stations start from year 1985. The superscripts a, b, and c represent statistical significance at 99%, 95%, and 90% levels, respectively.