Changes in Temperature Trends and Extremes over Saudi Arabia for the Period 1978–2019

Table 4

Minimum temperature (TN) linear trends (°C per decade) of at different absolute thresholds in Saudi Arabia for the period 1978–2019.

Station	≤10°C	≤9°C	≤8°C	≤7°C	6≤°C	≤5°C	≤4°C	≤3°C	≤2°C	≤1°C	≤0°C
Tabuk	−5.48^a	−5.79^a	−5.92^a	−6.82^a	−7.02^a	−6.85^a	−5.94^a	−4.82^a	−2.93^b	−1.65^c	−0.98
Turaif	−3.38^a	−2.82^b	−2.68^c	−3.23^b	−2.64^c	−3.04^b	−2.60^c	−2.39	−1.92	−1.68	−0.62
Guriat	−7.29^a	−7.05^a	−7.54^a	−7.97^a	−7.22^a	−6.20^a	−5.37^b	−5.17^a	−5.22^b	−4.12^b	−3.32^b
Rafha	−9.46^a	−9.07^a	−9.15^a	−8.33^a	−7.41^a	−6.45^a	−4.96^a	−3.25^b	−2.26^b	−1.50^c	−1.00
Arar	−7.29^a	−7.68^a	−8.25^a	−9.05^a	−9.51^a	−9.01^a	−7.58^a	−6.19^a	−4.59^b	−2.56^b	−1.82^b
Al-Jouf	−11.70^a	−11.44^a	−12.32^a	−12.74^a	−12.16^a	−11.60^a	−9.70^a	−7.28^a	−5.61^b	−3.72^a	−1.95^b
Hail	−5.46^a	−6.01^a	−6.28^a	−6.30^a	−5.78^a	−4.74^a	−4.23^a	−3.54^b	−3.22^b	−2.22^b	−1.23
Gassim	−3.53^b	−3.73^b	−3.34^b	−2.55	−2.15	−1.51	−1.56	−1.06	−0.13	0.10	0.06
Riyadh	−10.95^a	−8.63^a	−8.39^a	−5.90^a	−5.31^a	−4.12^a	−3.29^a	−2.16^a	−1.16^c	−0.88^c	−0.31
Al-Qaisumah	−3.32^b	−2.97^c	−2.30	−2.33	−1.66	−0.89	−0.40	0.14	−0.06	0.04	0.00
Dammam	−6.74^b	−6.10^b	−5.10^a	−2.77	−1.64	−0.51	−0.29	0.17	0.12	−0.01	0.00
Al-Ahsa	−7.79^a	−6.82^a	−5.45^a	−3.86^a	−2.65^b	−1.73^c	−1.29^c	−0.86	−0.50	−0.33^c	−0.11
Al-Wejh	−0.89	−0.28	−0.05	−0.03	−0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Madinah	−4.68^a	−2.51^b	−1.04	−0.32	0.01	−0.02	−0.03	0.00	0.03	0.02	0.00
Yenbo	−1.02	−0.34	−0.02	−0.03	−0.02	−0.02	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Jeddah	−0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Taif	−2.68	−2.48	−1.27	−0.62	−0.77	−0.65	−0.36	−0.16	−0.12	−0.04	0.01
Makkah	−0.03	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Al-Baha	−7.53^a	−4.83^a	−2.56^c	−1.66	−1.23	−1.14^c	−0.87^b	−0.45^c	−0.28^c	−0.11	−0.03
Gizan	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Khamis Mushait	−18.95^a	−18.32^a	−15.28^a	−13.38^a	−10.86^a	−8.13^a	−5.83^a	−3.71^a	−2.59^a	−1.23^a	−0.38
Abha	−15.51^a	−12.88^a	−11.13^a	−9.12^a	−6.45^a	−3.63^a	−1.97^a	−1.09^a	−0.58^a	−0.16^c	−0.07^b
Bisha	−7.15^a	−6.30^a	−4.48^a	−3.20^a	−1.87^b	−0.46	−0.18	−0.26	−0.12	−0.06	−0.04
Najran	−4.15^a	−3.28^b	−1.99	−1.68	−0.59	0.05	0.01	−0.02	−0.05	−0.16	−0.04
Sharorah	−2.57	−0.95	0.08	−0.24	0.29	0.21	0.35	0.45	0.20	0.06	0.00
Country	−6.57^a	−5.90^a	−5.27^a	−4.80^a	−4.15^a	−3.39^a	−2.67^a	−1.97^a	−1.41^a	−0.87^b	−0.48^c

The superscripts a, b, and c represent statistical significance at 99%, 95%, and 90% levels, respectively. Station name start year 1985