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| Country/region | Data/variable | Methods | Key findings | Reference |
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| China | 37 stations’ annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation (1960–2009) | Linear regression, Mann–Kendall test | The mean annual temperature is increasing with significant warming trend in winter. Annual precipitation showed a nonsignificant decreasing trend in which autumn is the most significant. | Wang et al. [7] |
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| China (Yangtze River Basin) | 214 stations’ seasonal and annual temperature and precipitation (1960–2015) | Linear regression, Mann–Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator | The seasonal and annual Tmax, Tmin, and Tmean temperatures increase significantly. The annual precipitation increases significantly while the seasonal precipitation significantly decreases. | Cui et al. [8] |
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| China(Jinan City) | TRMM dataset seasonal and annual precipitation (1979–2015) | Mann–Kendall trend, Sen’s slope estimator | The increasing trend in annual mean precipitation from the northern plain to the southern mountainous area. | Chang et al. [9] |
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| India (Rajasthan State) | 33 urban centers’ seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature (1971–2005) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator | Predominant changes in mean and extreme rainfall and temperature trends in most of the urban centers of Rajasthan | Pingale et al. [10] |
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| India (Uttarakhand State) | 13 stations’ monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall (1901–2015) | Mann–Kendall, modified Mann–Kendall tests, Theil–Sen’s slope | The significant positive and negative trends were observed in monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall time series in all 13 districts of Uttarakhand state. | Malik and Kumar [14] |
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| India (Godavari River basin) | 35 stations’ seasonal and annual temperature (1964–2004) | Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen’s slope | At seasonal time scales, a majority of the stations exhibited no significant trends in Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin except postmonsoon for Tmax and monsoon for Tmin. | Jhajharia et al. [15] |
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| Iran (west, south, and southwest) | 13 stations’ annual temperatures and rainfall (1966–2005) | Mann–Kendall, Mann–Whitney, and Mann–Kendall rank tests | Significant warming trend in annual Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin at the majority of the stations. No visible trends were obtained for rainfall. | Tabari et al. [16] |
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| Iran (north, northwest, southeast, and central) | 28 stations’ annual and seasonal rainfall (1967–2006) | Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen’s slope estimator | The significant negative trends in the annual and seasonal (spring and winter) rainfall time series while summer and autumn seasons showed positive trends. | Some’e et al. [17] |
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| Iran (Urmia Lake basin) | 14 stations’ monthly and annual evapotranspiration (1986–2010) | Modified Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen’s slope estimator | The results indicated an increasing trend in ET values at all the stations. | Amirataee et al. [18] |
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| Bangladesh (southwest coastal region) | 8 stations’ seasonal and annual rainfall (1948–2007) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator | Overall, rainfall increased during the period 1948–2007, while the trends intensified during the post-1990s. Postmonsoon and winter rainfall follow significant positive trends. | Hossain et al. [19] |
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| Pakistan (Balochistan province) | 23 stations’ seasonal and annual rainfall (1975–2010) | Mann–Kendall test | The negative trends in precipitation for both annual and seasonal scale for more than 70% of the stations in Balochistan. | Ashraf et al. [20] |
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| Pakistan (Jhelum River basin) | 21 stations’ seasonal and annual temperature, rainfall, and streamflow (1961–2009) | Mann–Kendall, Sen’s slope, and Linear regression methods | Maximum and minimum temperatures showed increasing trends while precipitation showed nonsignificant increasing and decreasing trends spread evenly throughout the basin. In case of streamflow, seasonal and annual decreasing trends dominated in the basin. | Mahmood and Jia [21] |
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| Pakistan (Chitral River basin) | 2 stations’ annual and seasonal temperature and precipitation (1965–2013) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope | Decreasing and constant trends in the mean temperature and total precipitation, respectively. | Ahmad et al. [22] |
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| Pakistan (Punjab Province) | 16 stations’ seasonal and annual precipitation and temperature (1967–2017) | Mann–Whitney, Mann–Kendall, and Sen’s slope estimator | The significant warming trend in annual Tmin and Tmean while Tmax had insignificant variations except in the high elevation zone. The precipitation indicated the cumulative increase in annual and autumn precipitation amounts at the zonal and regional level. | Nawaz et al. [23] |
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| Pakistan | 35 stations’ monsoon rainfall (1971–2010) | Linear regression, homogeneity test | The onset of monsoon has shifted towards earlier onset from the first week of July to the last week of June at most of the stations of Pakistan. | Ali et al. [24] |
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| Nepal (Karnali River basin) | 20 stations’ seasonal and annual temperature, precipitation, and river flow (1981–2012) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope method | The average precipitation trends in the basin are decreasing. The increasing trends were observed in annual Tmin and Tmean temperatures while Tmax significant during the premonsoon season. | Khatiwada et al. [25] |
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| Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh City) | 14 stations’ annual and seasonal rainfall (1980–2016) | Linear regression, Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen’s slope | The outcome showed upward trends in the seasonal and annual rainfall over a period of 37 years, but only the dry season showed statistically significant trends. | Phuong et al. [26] |
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| Turkey | 97 stations’ monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall (1930–2002) | Mann–Kendall test | Apparent decreasing trend in the winter rainfall whereas a general increasing trend is dominant in spring, summer, and autumn seasons. April, August, and October months showed apparent increasing trends | Türkeş et al. [27] |
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| Turkey (Ergene drainage basin) | 8 stations’ runoff, relative humidity, temperature, precipitation (1961 to 2010) | Mann–Kendall test, innovative Şen trend | Test results showed a nonsignificant trend almost in all the cases | Dabanli et al. [28] |
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| Morocco (Oum Er-Rbia River basin) | 15 stations’ annual and seasonal rainfall (1970–2010) | Mann–Kendall test | The results showed a general decreasing tendency and the basin tends towards drier conditions. | Ouatiki et al. [29] |
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| Italy (Southern). | 129 stations’ monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall | Mann–Kendall test, innovative trend analysis | Positive trends in seasonal and annual rainfall, while negative trends in winter and autumn rainfall data over the study region. | Caloiero et al. [30] |
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| United States (Kentucky) | 84 stations’ annual precipitation and temperature (1950–2010) | Mann–Kendall test, Theil–Sen’s slope estimator | Significant positive trend in annual series with a magnitude of 4.1 mm/year in rainfall while 0.01°C/year in mean temperature. | Chattopadhyay and Edwards [31] |
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| Ethiopia (Tana basin) | 10 stations’ annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature (1980–2015) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator | Results indicated that the amount of rainfall decreased for the majority of the stations while the Tmean, Tmax, and Tmin temperatures have increased significantly for most of the stations. | Birara et al. [32] |
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| Tanzania (Tanzanian Coast) | 3 stations’ monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall (1953–2011) | Mann–Kendall test, Sen’s slope estimator | The tests showed a negative trend at a significance level of ≥ 95%. | Kabanda [33] |
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