Impacts of Sea Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Teleconnection Patterns in the Northern Mid-Latitudes on Winter Extremely Cold Events in North China

Table 1

The lead-lag and contemporaneous correlation coefficients between I_NP and I_ATL of key areas in each season and the regional average frequency of the winter SSECEs in North China.

SST index	Summer	Fall	Winter
INP	−0.35	−0.44	−0.43
IATL	—	—	−0.48

Note: and represent statistical significance at the 95% or 99% confidence level using Student’s t-test, respectively.