Irrigation water is limited and scarce in many areas of the world, including Comarca Lagunera, Mexico. Thus better estimations of irrigation water requirements are essential to conserve water. The general objective was to estimate crop water demands or crop evapotranspiration (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M1" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g190-70" d="M517 162C503 123 484 88 467 68C445 42 417 34 341 34C291 34 256 34 237 47C219 59 213 81 213 128V317H308C395 317 402 311 415 240H444V431H415C403 364 398 356 307 356H213V584C213 613 215 616 246 616H322C394 616 421 609 435 587C448 566 458 544 467 502L496 506C493 557 488 625 488 650H42V622C120 616 128 612 128 523V125C128 43 120 35 29 28V0H511C520 31 540 125 546 158L517 162Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><path id="g190-85" d="M592 498C586 556 582 629 581 675H560C545 656 537 650 510 650H115C87 650 74 652 60 675H40C38 620 33 555 28 495H57C69 539 77 568 89 585C102 607 122 616 205 616H267V123C267 44 259 34 168 28V0H454V28C360 34 352 44 352 123V616H422C498 616 514 608 531 584C542 568 552 543 562 495L592 498Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><path id="g190-100" d="M390 111C344 68 312 56 269 56C212 56 118 102 118 241C118 346 175 401 241 401C277 401 312 388 342 360C350 352 355 349 361 349C372 349 394 371 394 392C394 403 391 411 378 422C362 436 329 449 288 449H287C250 449 190 432 138 392C71 341 37 274 37 197C37 90 112 -12 238 -12C297 -12 363 32 407 90L390 111Z"/></g></svg>) at different scales using satellite remote sensing-based vegetation index. The study was carried out in northern Mexico (Comarca Lagunera) during four growing seasons. Six, eleven, three, and seven clear Landsat images were acquired for 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016, respectively, for the analysis. The results showed that <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M2" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> was low at initial and early development stages, while <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M3" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> was high during mid-season and harvest stages. These results are not new but give us confidence in the rest of our <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M4" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> results. Daily <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M5" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> maps helped to explain the variability of crop water use during the growing season. Based on the results we can conclude that <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M6" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> maps developed from remotely sensed multispectral vegetation indices are a useful tool for quantifying crop water consumption at regional and field scales. Using <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.272861pt" id="M7" height="12.0262pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.75334 19.872 12.0262" width="19.872pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-70"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,7.332,0)"><use xlink:href="#g190-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,15.411,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g190-100"/></g></svg> maps at the field scale, farmers can supply appropriate amounts of irrigation water corresponding to each growth stage, leading to water conservation.

Arturo Reyes-Gonz&#xe1;lez

Jeppe Kjaersgaard

Todd Trooien

Christopher Hay

Laurent Ahiablame

Estimation of Crop Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Index

Significant accelerated warming of the Sea Surface Temperature of 0.15&#xb0;C per decade (1982&#x2013;2012) was recently detected, which motivated the research for the present consequences and future projections on the heat index and heat waves in the intra-Americas region. Present records every six hours are retrieved from NCEP reanalysis (1948&#x2013;2015) to calculate heat waves changes. Heat index intensification has been detected in the region since 1998 and driven by surface pressure changes, sinking air enhancement, and warm/weaker cold advection. This regional warmer atmosphere leads to heat waves intensification with changes in both frequency and maximum amplitude distribution. Future projections using a multimodel ensemble mean for five global circulation models were used to project heat waves in the future under two scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Massive heat waves events were projected at the end of the 21st century, particularly in the RCP8.5 scenario. Consequently, the regional climate change in the current time and in the future will require special attention to mitigate the more intense and frequent heat waves impacts on human health, countries&#x2019; economies, and energy demands in the IAR.

Moises Angeles-Malaspina

Jorge E. Gonz&#xe1;lez-Cruz

Nazario Ram&#xed;rez-Beltran

Projections of Heat Waves Events in the Intra-Americas Region Using Multimodel Ensemble

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was computed for October to December (OND) and January to March (JFM) summer subseasons for Free State Province, South Africa, to assess the influence of altitude on drought severity and frequency. The observed spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the SPI variability revealed that factors governing drought interannual variability varied markedly within the region for the two subseasons. Strong correlations between <span class="inline_break"><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16.751pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" id="M1" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 16.751 8.55521"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-115" d="M393 379C402 394 400 411 393 422C384 437 365 448 348 448C301 448 237 372 186 285H182L193 335C210 408 205 448 178 448C150 448 80 402 29 344L45 321C80 355 114 373 122 373C128 373 130 365 124 330C106 228 76 98 50 -5L57 -12C82 -5 112 3 132 6L172 203C196 256 234 304 254 329C275 355 293 367 306 367C318 367 330 360 342 348C347 343 355 343 365 350S386 367 393 379Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,9.12,0)"><path id="g117-34" d="M535 323V373H52V323H535ZM535 138V188H52V138H535Z"/></g></svg><span class="irelop"></span><svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="21.912pt" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" height="8.55521pt" version="1.1" viewBox="20.3331838 -8.34882 21.912 8.55521"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,20.383,0)"><path id="g113-49" d="M241 635C89 635 35 457 35 312C35 153 89 -12 240 -12C390 -12 443 166 443 312C443 466 390 635 241 635ZM238 602C329 602 354 454 354 312C354 172 330 22 240 22C152 22 124 173 124 313S148 602 238 602Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,26.623,0)"><path id="g113-47" d="M113 -12C146 -12 170 11 170 46C170 78 146 103 114 103S58 78 58 46C58 11 82 -12 113 -12Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,29.587,0)"><path id="g113-56" d="M447 623H65C61 580 56 530 47 475H76C100 541 106 550 172 550H388C308 376 196 170 91 -1L98 -12L172 -2C268 204 360 408 455 611L447 623Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,35.829,0)"><path id="g113-55" d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z"/></g></svg></span> and 0.93 across the clusters in both subseasons were observed. Significant shift in average SPI, towards the high during the OND subseason, was detected for the far western low-lying and central regions of the province around the 1990s. An ANOVA test revealed a significant relationship between drought severity and altitude during the OND subseason only. The impact of altitude is partly manifested in the strong relationship between meridional winds and SPI extremes. When the winds are largely northerly, Free State lies predominantly in the windward side of the Drakensberg Mountains but lies in the rain shadow when the winds are mostly southerly. The relationship between ENSO and SPI indicates stronger correlations for the early summer subseason than for the late summer subseason while overall presenting a diminishing intensity with height over the province.

M. Mbiriri

G. Mukwada

D. Manatsa

Influence of Altitude on the Spatiotemporal Variations of Meteorological Droughts in Mountain Regions of the Free State Province, South Africa (1960&#x2013;2013)

Increasing summertime air temperature deteriorates human health especially in cities where the warming tendency is exacerbated by urban heat island. Human-biometeorological studies shed light on the primary role of radiation conditions in the development of summertime heat stress. However, only a limited number of field investigations have been conducted up to now. Based on a 26-hour long complex radiation measurement, this study presents the evolved differences within a medium-sized rectangular square in Szeged, Hungary. Besides assessing the impact of woody vegetation and façade orientation on the radiation heat load, different modeling software programs (ENVI-met, SOLWEIG, and RayMan) are evaluated in reproducing mean radiant temperature (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.29568pt" id="M1" height="12.2578pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 21.8397 12.2578" width="21.8397pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-85" d="M620 675H597C578 656 570 650 541 650H144C112 650 104 653 94 675H72C59 618 42 552 23 493L53 491C71 534 88 564 105 585C124 608 144 615 238 615H290L197 121C182 40 174 34 88 28L82 0H361L367 28C275 34 266 38 281 121L374 615H441C522 615 543 608 553 583C562 560 566 531 565 493L597 494C603 551 612 629 620 675Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"><path id="g58-107" d="M810 0V30C751 35 744 40 744 106V296C744 396 694 451 614 451C583 451 558 438 537 425C512 409 485 391 454 368C434 420 390 451 342 451C309 451 285 439 260 424C228 405 206 387 185 372V453C141 434 90 421 43 413V386C102 378 105 373 105 309V106C105 41 96 35 29 30V0H243V30C194 35 185 41 185 106V335C216 360 256 389 297 389C357 389 384 348 384 275V106C384 41 374 35 312 30V0H530V30C475 35 465 41 465 104V294C465 313 464 324 463 336C502 367 539 389 576 389C637 389 663 346 663 274V109C663 41 653 35 593 30V0H810Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.765,3.132)"><path id="g58-112" d="M185 344V453C137 433 92 421 41 413V386C100 378 104 375 104 310V106C104 41 97 35 33 30V0H268V30C190 35 185 41 185 107V283C206 340 240 371 267 371C282 371 296 364 310 351C316 344 325 343 336 348C357 357 369 378 369 399C369 424 345 451 310 451C262 451 219 397 187 344H185Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.324,3.132)"><path id="g58-114" d="M303 37L293 66C280 59 256 49 231 49S173 63 173 143V396H281C294 404 298 428 287 439H173V575L158 577L92 509V439H46L17 408L22 396H92V107C92 27 128 -12 192 -12C203 -12 218 -9 237 2L303 37Z"/></g></svg>). Although daytime <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-3.29568pt" id="M2" height="12.2578pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -8.96212 21.8397 12.2578" width="21.8397pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><use xlink:href="#g113-85"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,7.176,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g58-107"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,14.765,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g58-112"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,18.324,3.132)"><use xlink:href="#g58-114"/></g></svg> can reach an extreme level at exposed locations (65–75°C), mature shade trees can reduce it to 30–35°C. Nevertheless, shading from buildings adjacent to sidewalks plays also an important role in mitigating pedestrian heat stress. Sidewalks facing SE, S, and SW do not benefit from the shading effect of buildings; therefore, shading them by trees or artificial shading devices is of high importance. The measurement–model comparison revealed smaller or larger discrepancies that raise awareness of the careful adaptation of any modeling software and of the relevance of fine-resolution field measurements.

No&#xe9;mi K&#xe1;ntor

Csilla Vikt&#xf3;ria G&#xe1;l

&#xc1;gnes Guly&#xe1;s

J&#xe1;nos Unger

The Impact of Fa&#xe7;ade Orientation and Woody Vegetation on Summertime Heat Stress Patterns in a Central European Square: Comparison of Radiation Measurements and Simulations

This study presents statistical relationships between various meteorological elements in Seoul city. It also discusses the vitality of the obtained relationship on the modelling of building energy consumption. The data utilized in statistical evaluations was obtained from the archives of the Korean Meteorological Agency (KMA) for a period of four years. Another set of data was derived from state-of-the-art equations. The used elements aside from aerosols are used for analysis in building energy simulations. For each weather element in the study, frequency and a monthly average are presented. Furthermore, statistical correlations are presented: solar radiation and temperature, solar radiation and sky cover, and solar radiation and aerosol optical depth (AOD). The results indicate that the common assumption of a direct relationship between temperature and solar radiation is rather incorrect. In addition, whereas high solar altitudes are usually associated with high levels of solar radiation, the obtained results indicate a relatively weak relationship between the two variables (<svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" id="M1" height="11.7978pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0498162 -11.5914 13.2276 11.7978" width="13.2276pt"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path id="g113-83" d="M610 18C585 26 567 34 540 68C517 97 499 128 476 171C452 215 425 276 413 304C496 332 570 394 570 494C570 555 545 595 509 619S419 650 364 650H139L133 622C216 615 219 612 203 527L129 132C112 40 105 36 23 28L17 0H279L285 28C199 34 194 40 211 132L239 284H284C320 284 334 275 351 236C374 182 394 140 420 93C459 23 495 -1 592 -8H600L610 18ZM480 485C480 424 449 372 403 342C374 323 338 316 293 316H245L291 562C296 589 301 601 311 608S337 618 358 618C432 618 480 575 480 485Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,8.151,-5.741)"><path id="g50-51" d="M414 144C384 79 371 75 317 75H135L276 221C367 316 408 376 408 465C408 570 327 635 237 635C179 635 131 609 100 575L42 494L67 471C94 510 138 565 205 565C277 565 321 517 321 435C321 348 258 270 195 195C146 137 88 81 33 26V0H411C423 44 433 88 446 135L414 144Z"/></g></svg> = 0.463). The obtained results are proof that the effect of meteorological elements on, say, a building is not a single direct effect from a single variable but rather a combination of relationships between variables, which then produce a single effect.

Hong Soo Lim

Gon Kim

The Relation of Meteorological Elements with AOD for Building Energy Consumption

A month-long field observation campaign was conducted, which covered approximately 100&#x2009;km<sup>2</sup> of the Gobi Desert area on the southeast bank of Bosten Lake during the summer of 2016. The purpose of the study was to examine the physical characteristics of the low atmosphere over land-lake nonuniform underlying surfaces in the Gobi Desert of northwestern China. The results of the statistical analysis showed that, during the observational period, the average daytime surface horizontal thermal gradient reached up to &#x2212;0.2&#xb0;C/km from the lakeshore to southern Gobi Desert area. The near-surface wind field of the 7&#x2009;km horizontal extent from the lakeshore was dominated by onshore breezes with average peak wind speeds above 5&#x2009;m/s. In the atmospheric near-surface layer, an isohumidity layer at a height between 10 and 50&#x2009;m a.g.l. was observed from 11:00 to 18:00 LST. Also, a case study for the atmospheric boundary layer and local circulation analyses was conducted. The onshore breezes were found to play a major role in the vertical structure of the local atmospheric boundary layer. The numerical simulation results indicated that there was an alternating day-night local circulation in the Bosten Lake area.

Yan Li

Xuejin Sun

Hui Ning

Hongcai Qin

Jiuquan Zhao

An Analysis of the Physical Characteristics of the Summer Low Atmosphere in the Gobi Desert Adjacent to Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China

This study uses downscaled rainfall datasets from 16 coupled climate models at high resolution of 25&#x2009;km from 1987 to 2001. The multimodel superensemble scheme is widely tested for rainfall forecast over mid-latitude, subtropical, and, especially, various regions of the monsoonal belt. A well-known statistical estimation theoretic approach, namely, Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE), is examined on 16 member models. The results are compared with superensemble methodology based on various skill scores. Results show that BLUE is providing promising forecasts. As far as comparative studies are concerned BLUE and superensemble schemes compete and show their importance from normal years to extreme rainfall years. BLUE methodology is capable of predicting draughts very well compared with other multimodel schemes. One basic advantage of BLUE is computationally less expensive than superensemble scheme. These statistical schemes like downscaling, BLUE, and superensemble can improve rainfall forecasts further, if a dense rain gauge data is provided.

Vinay Kumar

Tirthankar Ghosh

Performance of Multimodel Schemes for Seasonal Precipitation over Indian Region

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<p><em>Advances in Meteorology </em>publishes research in all areas of meteorology and climatology. Topics include forecasting techniques and applications, meteorological modelling, data analysis, atmospheric chemistry and physics, and climate change.</p>


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<p>Dr Jamie&nbsp;Cleverly, the journal’s Chief Editor, is based at James Cook University in Cairns, Australia. Their research interests include carbon, water and energy fluxes of arid-land Acacia swales; physics of the atmospheric surface layer and interactions with terrestrial ecosystems.</p>


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Advances in Meteorology - Table of contents 2018

title

Advances in Meteorology publishes research in all areas of meteorology and climatology. Topics include forecasting techniques and applications, meteorological modelling, data analysis, atmospheric chemistry and physics, and climate change.

Advances in Meteorology