Abstract
An unsteady axisymmetric flow of nonconducting, Newtonian fluid squeezed between two circular plates is proposed with slip and no-slip boundaries. Using similarity transformation, the system of nonlinear partial differential equations of motion is reduced to a single fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. By using the basic definitions of fractional calculus, we introduced the fractional order form of the fourth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The resulting boundary value fractional problems are solved by the new iterative and Picard methods. Convergence of the considered methods is confirmed by obtaining absolute residual errors for approximate solutions for various Reynolds number. The comparisons of the solutions for various Reynolds number and various values of the fractional order confirm that the two methods are identical and therefore are suitable for solving this kind of problems. Finally, the effects of various Reynolds number on the solution are also studied graphically.
1. Introduction
The squeezing of an incompressible viscous fluid between two parallel plates is a fundamental type of flow that is frequently observed in many hydrodynamical tools and machines. Compression and injection molding, polymer processing, and modeling of lubrication systems are some practical examples of squeezing flows where their usage is found. The modeling and analysis of squeezing flow has been started in the nineteenth century and continues to receive significant attention due to its vast applications areas in biophysical and physical sciences. The first work in squeezing flows was laid down by Stefan [1] who developed an ad hoc asymptotic solution of Newtonian fluids. An explicit solution of the squeeze flow, considering inertial terms, has been established by Thorpe and Shaw [2]. However, P. S. Gupta and A. S. Gupta proved that the solution given in [2] fails to satisfy boundary conditions [3]. Verma [4] and Singh et al. [5] have established numerical solutions of the squeezing flow between parallel plates. Leider and Byron Bird performed theoretical analysis of power-law fluid between parallel disks [6]. Qayyum et al. present in [7] analysis of unsteady axisymmetric flow of nonconducting, Newtonian fluid squeezed between two circular plates with slip and no-slip boundaries using OHAM and in [8] the authors model and analyse the unsteady axisymmetric flow of nonconducting Newtonian fluid squeezed between two circular plates passing through porous medium channel with slip boundary condition using HPM. Furthermore, in [9] analytical solutions for squeeze flow with partial wall slip are introduced by Laun et al., while in [10] Ullah et al. present approximation of first-grade MHD squeezing fluid flow with slip boundary condition using DTM and OHAM. In [11] analytical solution of squeezing flow between two circular plates is presented by Rashidi et al. Islam et al. [12] studied Newtonian squeezing fluid flow in a porous medium channel, Siddiqui et al. [13] investigated the unsteady squeezing flow of viscous fluid with magnetic field, Marinca et al. [14] applied an optimal homotopy asymptotic method to the steady flow of a fourth-grade fluid past a porous plate, and Idrees et al. [15] applied the optimal homotopy asymptotic method to squeezing flow. For more details see [16, 17].
A large number of perturbation methods, which can solve nonlinear boundary value problems analytically, are discussed in the literature. These methods, however, have a limitation of assuming small or large parameters. Recently, Daftardar-Gejji and Jafari have proposed a new technique, called new iterative method (NIM), for solving linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. The method minimize the limitations that are usually associated with perturbation methods and at the same time it takes full advantages of the traditional perturbation methods. This method has proven useful for solving a variety of nonlinear equations such as algebraic equations, integral equations, ordinary and partial differential equations of integer and fractional order, and systems of equations as well. The NIM is used by Hemeda in [18] for solving fractional partial differential equations and in [19] for solving the th-order integrodifferential equations, but in [20] he used the NIM for solving fractional physical differential equations. Also, this method is used by Daftardar-Gejji and Jafari in [21] for solving nonlinear fractional equations and by Bhalekar and Daftardar-Gejji in [22] it is used for solving partial differential equations while in [23] it is used for solving evolution equations. In the late of the nineteenth century, Emile Picard proposed a good method called Picard iteration method (or shortly) Picard method (PM), which is used widely by researches for solving linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. This method has not any of the difficulties presented in perturbation methods and takes full advantages of the traditional perturbation methods as well as NIM. The PM is used by Youssef and El-Arabawy in [24] for initial value problems and by Ibijola and Adegboyegun in [25] for solving nonlinear differential equations. Also, this method is used by Hemeda in [26] for solving the fractional gas dynamics and coupled Burgers’ equations. In this method, the solution takes the form of a rapidly convergent series with easily computable components.
The importance of the study of the fractional forms of the differential equations is due to their wide appearing in many of the mathematical, physical, and chemical problems. So the aim of this work is to continue in this study by preparing and using the NIM and PM where there is not any of the above-mentioned difficulties in the perturbation methods for solving the fractional order form of an unsteady axisymmetric squeezing fluid flow between two circular plates with slip and no-slip boundaries. Also the effects of various of Reynolds number and fractional order on the solution are studied tabularly and graphically.
2. Formulation of the Problem
In this section, the unsteady axisymmetric squeezing flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid with density , viscosity , and kinematic viscosity , squeezed between two circular plates having speed , is considered with a fractional form. It is assumed that, at any time , the distance between the two circular plates is . Also it is assumed that -axis is the central axis of the channel while -axis is taken as normal to it. Plates move symmetrically with respect to the central axis while the flow is axisymmetric about . The longitudinal and normal velocity components in radial and axial directions are and , respectively. For more physical explanation and details, see [7, 8].
The equations of motion arewhere is the vorticity function and is the generalized pressure.
The boundary conditions on and arewhere is the velocity of the plates. The boundary conditions in (4) are due to symmetry at and no-slip at the upper plate when . If we introduce the dimensionless parameter(1), (2), and (3) transforms toThe boundary conditions on and areBy eliminating the generalized pressure between (7) and (8), we obtainwhere is the Laplacian operator.
Defining velocity components as [3]we see that (6) is identically satisfied and (10) becomeswhereHere both and are functions of but we consider and as constants for similarity solution. Since , integrate first equation of (13), and we getwhere and are constants. The plates move away from each other symmetrically with respect to when and . Also the plates approach each other and squeezing flow exists with similar velocity profiles when , , and . From (13) and (14), it follows that . Then, (12) becomesUsing (9) and (11), we determine the boundary conditions in case of no-slip and slip at the upper plate as follows:
3. Fractional Calculus
In this section, we mention some basic definitions of fractional calculus which are used in the present work.
Definition 1. The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator of order , of a function and , is defined as [27]For the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral operator, , we obtain
Definition 2. The fractional derivative of in the Caputo sense is defined as [28]For the Caputo fractional derivative operator, , we obtainFor the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and Caputo fractional derivative operator of order , we have the following relation:
Remark 3. According to the previous fractional calculus, (15) can be rewritten in the following fractional order form:
4. Analysis of the Considered Methods
In this section, we discuss the considered methods with preparing them for solving any fractional differential equation.
4.1. New Iterative Method (NIM)
To illustrate the basic idea of this method, we consider the following general functional equation [18–23]:where is a nonlinear operator from a Banach space and is a known function (element) of a Banach space . We are looking for a solution of (23) having the series form:
The nonlinear operator can be decomposed asFrom (24) and (25), (23) is equivalent toThe required solution for (23) can be obtained recurrently from the recurrence relation:Then,The r-term approximate solution of (23) is given by
4.2. Solving General Fractional Differential Equation by NIM
To solve any fractional differential equation of arbitrary order , we consider the following general fractional differential equation of order :subject to the initial valueswhere is a linear operator, is a nonlinear operator, is a nonhomogeneous term, and is the fractional differential operator of order . In view of the fractional integral operators, the initial value fractional problem (30a) and (30b) is equivalent to the fractional integral equation:where , , and is the inverse of . The required solution for (31) and hence for (30a) and (30b) can be obtained recurrently from the recurrence relation (27).
4.3. Picard Method (PM)
To illustrate the basic idea of this method, we consider the following general fractional differential equation of arbitrary order [24–26]:where is the fractional differential operator of order . In view of the fractional integral operators, the initial value fractional problem (32a) and (32b) is equivalent to the fractional integral equation: where , , and is the inverse of . The required solution for (33) which is also the solution for (32a) and (32b) can be obtained as the limit of a sequence of functions generated by the recurrence relation:where .
5. Applications
In this section, we illustrate the application of the two considered methods to solve the nonlinear fractional order ordinary differential equation (22) subject to the boundary conditions (16a) and (16b).
5.1. NIM
Using (22), (16a), and (16b), the initial value fractional order problemaccording to (31), is equivalent to the fractional integral equation:where and are constants. Let . Therefore, according to (27), we can obtain the following first few components of the new iterative solution for (35)and so on. In the same manner, the rest of components can be obtained. The 4-term solution for (35) in series form is given by
In the special case, , (38) becomesUsing the boundary conditions in (16a) with the initial conditions in (35), the unknowns and for fixed values of in (39) can be easily determined. In case of no-slip boundary, then and . For , the 4-term solution, obtained by the NIM in (39), is thereforeSimilarly, using the boundary conditions in (16b) with the initial conditions in (35), in case of slip boundary, then and . For , the 4-term solution becomes
5.2. PM
Also the initial value fractional problem (35), according to (33) and (34), is equivalent to the fractional integral equation:Therefore, according to (34), we can obtain the following first few components of Picard solution for (35):and so on. In the same manner the rest of components can be obtained. The 4-order term solution for (35), in series form, is given by
In the special case, , (44) becomes
Also, in case of no-slip boundary where , the 4-order term solution isand, in case of slip boundary, the 4-order term solution becomes
From the previous results for (35), obtained by the two considered methods, it is clear that the approximate solution for (35) obtained by PM in (44), (45), (46), and (47) is the same approximate solution as obtained by NIM in (38), (39), (40), and (41). Therefore, the two methods are identical in solving this problem and hence the two methods are suitable for solving this kind of problems.
The residual error of the problem iswhere is the 4-term approximate solution in (38) or (44) for (35).
If , then will be the exact solution. However, this usually does not occur in nonlinear problems.
It is clear from the obtained results that the above-considered methods minimize the limitations of the ordinary perturbation methods. In the same time, these methods take full advantages of the traditional perturbation methods. Therefore, these methods are powerful methods for solving the nonlinear fractional order differential equations.
6. Numerical Results and Discussion
In this work, an unsteady axisymmetric flow of nonconducting, incompressible Newtonian fluid squeezed between two circular plates is considered. The resulting nonlinear fractional order boundary value problem is solved analytically in cases of no-slip and slip boundaries using NIM and PM.
Tables 1, 2, and 3 present the solutions in case of no-slip boundary for different values of the fractional order along with absolute residual errors at for fixed value of the Reynolds number in each table, while Tables 4, 5, and 6 are in case of slip boundary and slip parameter . The results in the six tables indicate that, as and , . Therefore, the approximate solutions converge to the exact solution for the considered problem.
Figures 1 and 2 indicate the approximate solutions for different values of at in cases of no-slip and slip boundaries, respectively, with . Figures 3 and 4 show the residual errors at for different values of in cases of no-slip and slip boundaries, respectively, with . In addition to the above figures, the effect of Reynolds number on velocity profiles in case of no-slip boundary is shown in Figure 5. In these profiles, we varied as and observed that the normal velocity is increased with increasing (Figure 5(a)). It is also noted that the normal velocity monotonically increases from to for fixed value of at a given time. Figure 5(b) describes the effect of on the longitudinal velocity in case of no-slip boundary. It is clear that this component of velocity decreases near the wall but increases near the central axis of the channel.
(a)
(b)
The effect of Reynolds number on velocity profiles in case of slip boundary is depicted in Figure 6. In these profiles, we varied as for fixed slip parameter . It is noted that the normal velocity decreases as increases (Figure 6(a)). It is also noted that the longitudinal velocity decreases near the central axis of the channel but increases near the walls when increases (Figure 6(b)).
(a)
(b)
7. Conclusion
In this work, an analytical solution for an unsteady axisymmetric squeezing flow of incompressible Newtonian fluid between two circular plates in fractional form is obtained using the NIM and PM in cases of no-slip and slip boundaries. Analysis of the residual errors confirms that the NIM and PM are identical and efficient schemes. Convergence of the considered methods is confirmed by absolute residual errors for different values of the Reynolds number . Therefore, we concluded that the considered methods can be effectively used in various fields of science and engineering as they give better results in terms of accuracy.
Competing Interests
The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.