Abstract
The goal of this paper is study the mixed integral equation with singular kernel in two-dimensional adding to the time in the Volterra integral term numerically. We established the problem from the plane strain problem for the bounded layer medium composed of different materials that contains a crack on one of the interface. Also, the existence of a unique solution of the equation proved. Therefore, a numerical method is used to translate our problem to a system of two-dimensional Fredholm integral equations (STDFIEs). Then, Toeplitz matrix (TMM) and the Nystrom product methods (NPM) are used to solve the STDFIEs with Cauchy kernel. Numerical examples are presented, and their results are compared with the analytical solution to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the methods. The codes were written in Maple.
1. Introduction
Many problems of engineering, mathematical physical, and contact problems in the theory of elasticity lead to singular integral equations. Integral equations provide an important tool for solving the ordinary and partial deferential equations. Therefore, many different methods are used to obtain the solution of the linear and nonlinear integral equations. Brunner and Kauthen [1] introduced collocation and iterated collocation methods for solving the two-dimensional Volterra integral equation (T-DVIE). In [2], authors proposed a class of explicit Runge-Kutta-type methods of order 3 for solving nonlinear T-DVIE. In [3], authors studied the approximate solution of T-DVIEs by the two-dimensional differential transform method. Abdou, in [4, 5], used different methods to obtain the solution of F-VIE of the first and second kinds in which the Fredholm integral term is considered in position while the Volterra integral term is considered in time. EL-Borai et al., in [6], studied the numerical solution for the T-DFIE with weak singular kernel, but they have studied the problem on a rectangular path of the parties only. AL-Bugami in [7] studied and discussed the solution of the T-DFIE with applications in contact problems. AL-Bugami in [8] studied and discussed the solution of the two-dimensional singular Fredholm integral equation (T-DFIE) with time. The solution of a large of mixed boundary value problem of a great variety of contact and crack problems in solid mechanics, physical, and engineering can be related to a system of the singular IEs have a simple Cauchy-type singularity (Ref. [9]). In [10], the authors studied the linear two-dimensional Volterra integral equation with continuous kernel numerically. In [11], the authors discussed continuous Fredholm-Volterra integral equation. Al-Bugami, in [12], studied the singular Hammerstein-Volterra integral equation and solved numerically. In [13], the author studied the surface cracks of finite layers of fractional materials.
In this work, we consider a mixed integral equation with singular kernel in two-dimensional (MIE)
Formula (1) is called the MIE with singular kernel in two-dimensional of the second kind with Cauchy kernel in , where the FI term is considered in position with singular kernel, and the VI term is considered in time with a positive and continuous kernel. is known function, while is unknown function to be determined. The numerical coefficient λ is called the parameter of the IE.
2. The Basic Formulas of the Problem
Consider the plane strain problem for the bounded layer medium (Figure 1), composed of three different materials. Let the medium material contain a crack on one of the interface. Without any loss in generality, the half length of the crack is assumed to be unity. We will consider with the effect of the ratio of the layer thickness to the crack length on the stress, intensity factors, and the strain energy release rate. For interesting the disturbed stress state, while is variable also with time, caused by the crack.
We assume that the overall stress distribution , in the imperfection free medium, is known. The stress state , in the cracked medium, may be expressed as
where is the disturbed state, which may be obtained by using the tractions which are the only external loads applied to the medium. The problem can always be expressed as the sum of a symmetric component and an antisymmetric component. The tractions are , where
The solution of the antisymmetric problem requires only a slight modification. Let be the and components of the displacement vector in the -th materials and satisfy the filed equations in the form:
Then, assume the displacement functions in the following:
is known function of . Hence, using (7) and (8) in (5) and (6), we get
Formula (11) has a solution
For solving the two formulas (9) and (10), we use the Fourier integral transform:
Then, we have
After solving the system of Eqs. (15) and (16), and then using the two formulas (13) and (14), we get
where has physical meaning and for plane strain and for generalized plane stress, is Poisson’s coefficient for each materials, and are functions of α which can be determined from the boundary conditions. After obtaining, the values of , the stresses may be evaluated by Hooks law.
The components of the stress vector at the interfaces and boundaries may be expressed as
On the boundaries, the medium may have formally any one of the following four groups of homogeneous boundary conditions
The continuity requires that on the interfaces, the stress and displacement vectors in the adjacent layers be equal, i.e.,
Now, to obtain the integral equation, we first assume that at , the bond between the two adjacent layers is perfect except for the dislocations at and defied by
where the superscripts + and – refer to the limiting values of the displacement as approaches zero from + and – sides, respectively. In addition to (21), on the interface , we have the following conditions
The components of the stress vector at and may be expresses as
where is the Heaviside functions, and is the Fourier transforms of defined as follows:
The constants depend on the elastic properties of the materials adjacent to the crack only and are given by
where is the shear modules, and λ’s is Lame’s constants.
Note that once the dislocations on the interface are specified, formulas (23)and (24) give the stresses for all values of . The crack problem under consideration is zero for and is unknown for . On the other hand, the stress vector on the interface is unknown for that is given by the following known functions for , i.e.,
Then,
Hence, we obtain
Evaluating the infinite integrals in (30), passing to the Cauchy theorems, we have where
The two formulas of (31) represent a system of MIE with Cauchy kernel. For one layer, we can have the following MIE, on noting the difference notations.
In general, we can write Eq. (33) in the form:
3. The Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution
We write this formula in the integral operator form
We assume the following conditions: (1)The singular kernel of FI term satisfies in the discontinuity condition(2)The kernel of VI term ζ(t, τ) is continuous in the Banach space and satisfies(3)The continuous kernel (4) in the space, , behaves as the known function
Theorem 1. Eq. (34) has an exact unique solution in , under the condition
Lemma 1. The integral operator maps into itself.
Proof. From (35) and (40), the normality of the integral operator takes the forms Applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have Using the definition of the norm in the space , we get Then, using condition (1), we obtain Also, the term takes the form Using condition (3), we get Hence, In the same manner, we can write Using condition (2), we obtain Thus, one has Hence, with the aid of conditions (5), (44), (47), and (50), Eq. (41) takes the form The inequality (51) involves the boundedness of the operators and .☐
Lemma 2. The integral operator (35) under the condition (40) is continuous and contraction operator.
Proof. For the functions in the space , formula (35) yields Hence, we have Using formula (53) with the conditions (1), (2), and (3), then applying Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we obtain Hence, is a continuous operator in the space , and under the condition , is a contraction operator.☐
4. THE STDFIEs
Consider Eq. (34). In this section, we divide the interval where , to get
Using the quadrature formula, the Volterra term becomes
is the weight, where denotes the constant step size for integration. Using (56) in (55), we have
Formula (57) can be adapted in the form
Then, the general form of Eq. (58) can be represented as where
Formula (59) represents a linear system of TDFIEs of the second kind, which contains equation of unknown functions of corresponding to the time interval [0,T].
5. Some Numerical Methods
5.1. The TMM
We present the TMM to obtain numerical solution of TDFIE of the second kind with Cauchy form, which it expresses in the form which it may be adapted as where
Then, write the integral term in Eq. (62) as the form
Formula (64) reduces as
Then,
Then, we put in Eq. (66), and then we obtain where Eq. (65) becomes where
Thus, the IE (62) becomes
If we put then we get where
The matrix may be written as where is the TM of order , and the matrix
However, the solution of the system can be obtained in the form where is the identity matrix and .
5.2. The PNM
Consider where
where and are badly behaved and well-behaved functions of their arguments, respectively. We approximate the integral term in (77) when by where is the weights. Also, we approximate the integral term in (77) in the form:
where with and even. Now, if we approximate the nonsingular part of the integrand over each interval , , by the second degree Lagrange interpolation polynomial that interpolates, we find where .
If we define
In general, assume thus (82) become
If we define and let we have
6. Numerical Applications and Discussions
In this section, we state some applications and numerical results to discuss the approximate solution (i.e., the treat of the surface cracks that occurs in the materials as a result, the constant in finite of materials, which the deformation increases as well as the time increases in the interval . The TMM and PNM are used to get numerical solution for values of , and for different materials, plutonium and fiber , where the Poisson ratio is .We divided the position interval by , 20 units. Since , we choose the time , 0.2. Tables 1 and 2 are as follows: exact sol. → the exact solution, Approx.. →approximate solution of TMM, error.. → the absolute error of TMM, Approx.. →approximate solution of PNM, and error.. → the absolute error of PNM. Figures 2–17 show the value absolute error by TMM and PNM at , 20 and the time , 0.2, for the materials plutonium and fiber .
Consider
The exact solution .
7. The Conclusion
We have presented a successful technique for the numerical solution of MIE with singular kernel in two-dimensional by using TMM and PNM which is established from the plane strain problem for the bounded layer medium composed of different materials. From Tables 1 and 2 and Figures 2–17, we note that the errors due to the TMM are less than the errors due to PNM. In addition, we note that increases for the two different materials (fiber ) (plutonium ), the values of and are fixed, and the error values increase. The approximate solution is nearly coincident with the exact solution for at each value of .
Data Availability
All the data are available within the article and also as the references.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that he/she has no conflicts of interest.