Risk Factors for Anemia among Brazilian Infants from the 2006 National Demographic Health Survey
Table 2
Odds ratios of risk factors for mild anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) and moderate anemia (Hb < 9.5 g/dL) of children younger than 24 months old who participated in the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and the Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006), with their respective confidence intervals (CI 95%).
Risk factors
Mild anemia
Moderate anemia
Odds Ratios
value*
Odds Ratios
value*
Socioeconomic factors
Residence area
Urban Rural
1,382
2.38 (1.35; 4.20) 1.00
0.003†
2.97 (1.39; 6.33) 1.00
0.005
Receiving a basic-needs grocery package
Yes No
1,381
1.91 (0.83; 4.41) 1.00
0.128
2.37 (1.06; 5.29) 1.00
0.035
Number of home accommodations
<5 ≥5
1,381
1.16 (0.70; 1.93) 1.00
0.599
1.10 (0.54; 2.26) 1.00
0.794
Per capita family income (R$)
≤258 >258
1,321
0.94 (0.58; 1.51) 1.00
0.789
1.36 (0.75; 2.46) 1.00
0.314
Paternal education (years)
<8 ≥8
1,308
1.40 (0.69; 2.81) 1.00
0.350
0.48 (0.12; 1.82) 1.00
0.278
Maternal education (years)
<4 ≥4
1,357
1.07 (0.67; 1.71) 1.00
0.768
1.05 (0.53; 2.08) 1.00
0.888
Maternal age (years)
<25 ≥25
1,382
1.09 (0.70; 1.71) 1.00
0.689
0.83 (0.49; 1.40) 1.00
0.481
Food consumption
Exclusive breastfeeding (months)
≤4 >4
1,200
0.90 (0.56; 1.46) 1.00
0.682
0.64 (0.34; 1.18) 1.00
0.151
Not having eaten anything in the past 24 hours
Yes No
1,380
2.03 (0.45; 9.22) 1.00
0.360
1.78 (0.22; 14.53) 1.00
0.588
Ideal exclusive breastfeeding according to age
No Yes
1,200
0.74 (0.46; 1.19) 1.00
0.217
0.66 (0.35; 1.25) 1.00
0.198
Eating any meat in the past week
No Yes
1,363
1.37 (0.84; 2.25) 1.00
0.208
1.02 (0.57; 1.83) 1.00
0.942
Eating liver in the past week
No Yes
1,363
1.14 (0.70; 1.85) 1.00
0.607
0.55 (0.29; 1.04) 1.00
0.067
Child’s health care conditions
No maternal conjugal stability
Yes No
1,382
1.63 (0.81; 3.28) 1.00
0.175
1.08 (0.41; 2.86) 1.00
0.879
1 or more siblings <5 years
Yes No
1,382
0.92 (0.59; 1.43) 1.00
0.703
1.44 (0.81; 2.57) 1.00
0.215
Use of oral iron supplements
Yes No
1372
0.75 (0.48; 1.16) 1.00
0.200
0.90 (0.48; 1.68) 1.00
0.741
Child’s nutritional status
-score indicator weight-for-age
<−2 ≥2
1,358
1.36 (0.48; 3.84) 1.00
0.561
1.08 (0.27; 4.38) 1.00
0.910
-score indicator height-for-age
<−2 ≥2
1,336
0.46 (0.21; 1.00) 1.00
0.050
0.39 (0.14; 1.09) 1.00
0.072
-score indicator weight-for-height
>2 ≤2
1,325
1.11 (0.46; 2.64) 1.00
0.818
2.41 (0.80; 7.30) 1.00
0.119
Presence of morbidity
Fever in the past 2 weeks
Yes No
1,380
1.95 (1.25; 3.04) 1.00
0.004†
1.53 (0.84; 2.79) 1.00
0.160
Cough in the past 2 weeks
Yes No
1,381
1.34 (0.89; 2.02) 1.00
0.159
1.29 (0.74; 2.26) 1.00
0.368
Vitamin A deficiency
Yes No
1,365
1.81 (1.04; 3.15) 1.00
0.035
1.77 (0.86; 3.65) 1.00
0.120
Hospitalisation in the past 12 months
Yes No
1,382
0.84 (0.48; 1.45) 1.00
0.530
0.65 (0.27; 1.45) 1.00
0.328
Biological aspects
Weight at birth (kilos)
<2.5 ≥2.5
1,348
0.90 (0.37; 2.18) 1.00
0.815
0.21 (0.05; 0.94) 1.00
0.041
Child age (months)
<12 ≥12
1,382
1.62 (1.06; 2.48) 1.00
0.027†
1.11 (0.64; 1.93) 1.00
0.704
Sex
Male Female
1,382
1.11 (0.72; 1.73) 1.00
0.637
1.39 (0.73; 2.64) 1.00
0.311
CI: confidence intervals; *: chi-square test; R$: reals (Brazilian currency); †: variables compounding the final logistic model.
