Research Article
Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associate Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Lao PDR: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of anemia among WRA in Lao PDR.
| | Characteristics | Total | Nonanemia | Anemia | -value | | (weighted) | n (%) | n (%) |
| | Age, years | 12519 | <0.001 | | 15–24 | 4285 (34.2) | 2539 (59.3) | 1746 (40.7) | | 25–34 | 3911 (31.2) | 2490 (63.7) | 1421 (36.3) | | 35–49 | 4323 (34.5) | 2587 (59.8) | 1736 (40.2) |
| | Education | 12519 | 0.02 | | None | 1996 (15.9) | 1151 (57.7) | 845 (42.3) | | Primary | 4391 (35.1) | 2696 (61.4) | 1695 (38.6) | | Lower secondary | 2726 (21.8) | 1661 (60.9) | 1065 (39.1) | | Upper secondary | 1750 (14) | 1067 (61) | 683 (39) | | Postsecondary/nontertiary | 418 (3.3) | 272 (65.1) | 146 (34.9) | | Tertiary | 1238 (9.9) | 770 (62.2) | 468 (37.8) |
| | Ethnolinguistic group | 12518 | <0.001 | | Lao-Tai | 8154 (65.1) | 4843 (59.4) | 3311 (40.6) | | Mon-Khmer | 2878 (23) | 1729 (60.1) | 1149 (39.9) | | Hmong-Mien | 1061 (8.5) | 780 (73.5) | 281 (26.5) | | Chinese-Tibetan | 307 (2.5) | 198 (64.5) | 109 (35.5) | | Other | 118 (0.9) | 65 (55.1) | 53 (44.9) |
| | Religion | 12518 | <0.001 | | Buddhist | 8404 (67.1) | 4993 (59.4) | 3411 (40.6) | | Animist | 3904 (31.2) | 2501 (64.1) | 1403 (35.9) | | Christian | 186 (1.5) | 108 (58.1) | 78 (41.9) | | Other | 24 (0.2) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) |
| | Area of residence | 12519 | <0.001 | | Urban | 4202 (33.6) | 2646 (63) | 1556 (37) | | Rural with road | 7140 (57) | 4207 (58.9) | 2933 (41.1) | | Rural without road | 1177 (9.4) | 763 (64.8) | 414 (35.2) |
| | Region of residence | 12519 | <0.001 | | Northern provinces | 3887 (31) | 2842 (73.1) | 1045 (26.9) | | Central provinces | 6253 (49.9) | 3474 (55.6) | 2779 (44.4) | | Southern provinces | 2379 (19) | 1299 (54.6) | 1080 (45.4) |
| | Wealth quintiles | 12519 | 0.36 | | Poorest | 2145 (17.1) | 1268 (59.1) | 877 (40.9) | | Poorer | 2272 (18.1) | 1381 (60.8) | 891 (39.2) | | Middle | 2414 (19.3) | 1474 (61.1) | 940 (38.9) | | Richer | 2785 (22.2) | 1727 (62) | 1058 (38) | | Richest | 2903 (23.2) | 1766 (60.8) | 1137 (39.2) |
| | Size of family | 12517 | 0.01 | | ≤3 persons | 2040 (16.3) | 1279 (62.7) | 761 (37.3) | | 4–6 persons | 7409 (59.2) | 4529 (61.1) | 2880 (38.9) | | >6 persons | 3068 (24.5) | 1807 (58.9) | 1261 (41.1) |
| | Source of drinking water | 12519 | <0.001 | | Improved | 10760 (85.9) | 6660 (61.9) | 4100 (38.1) | | Unimproved | 1759 (14.1) | 956 (54.3) | 803 (45.7) |
| | Type of toilet facility | 12518 | <0.001 | | Improved | 9752 (77.9) | 6094 (62.5) | 3658 (37.5) | | Unimproved | 2766 (22.1) | 1521 (55) | 1254 (45) |
| | Health insurance status | 12518 | 0.06 | | Uninsured | 10640 (85) | 6436 (60.5) | 4204 (39.5) | | Insured | 1878 (15) | 1179 (62.8) | 699 (37.2) |
| | Marital status | 12519 | 0.07 | | Never married | 2826 (22.6) | 1738 (61.5) | 1088 (38.5) | | Currently married | 9145 (73) | 5569 (60.9) | 3576 (39.1) | | Formerly married | 548 (4.4) | 309 (56.4) | 239 (43.6) |
| | Pregnancy status | 12519 | <0.001 | | None | 11961 (95.5) | 7322 (61.2) | 4639 (38.8) | | Currently pregnant | 558 (4.5) | 294 (52.7) | 264 (47.3) |
| | Adverse pregnancy outcomes | 12519 | <0.001 | | No (live births) | 10158 (81.1) | 6261 (61.6) | 3897 (38.4) | | Yes (stillbirths, miscarriage, abortion) | 2361 (18.9) | 1355 (57.4) | 1006 (42.6) |
| | Reading newspaper/magazine | 12518 | 0.13 | | None | 10613 (84.8) | 6420 (60.5) | 4193 (39.5) | | Less than once a week | 976 (7.8) | 607 (62.2) | 369 (37.8) | | At least once a week | 718 (5.7) | 463 (64.5) | 255 (35.5) | | Almost daily | 211 (1.7) | 125 (59.2) | 86 (40.8) |
| | Listening to radio | 12520 | 0.27 | | None | 9210 (73.6) | 5571 (60.5) | 3639 (39.5) | | Less than once a week | 1118 (8.9) | 710 (63.5) | 408 (36.5) | | At least once a week | 1141 (9.1) | 692 (60.6) | 449 (39.4) | | Almost daily | 1051 (8.4) | 643 (61.2) | 408 (38.8) |
| | Watching TV | 12518 | 0.02 | | None | 2398 (19.2) | 1395 (58.2) | 1003 (41.8) | | Less than once a week | 550 (4.4) | 340 (61.8) | 210 (38.2) | | At least once a week | 1461 (11.7) | 907 (62.1) | 554 (37.9) | | Almost daily | 8109 (64.8) | 4973 (61.3) | 3136 (38.7) |
| | Ever smoked | 12519 | 0.03 | | None | 11422 (91.2) | 6981(61.1) | 4441 (38.9) | | Yes | 1097 (8.8) | 635 (57.9) | 462 (42.1) |
| | Ever drank alcohol | 12519 | 0.03 | | None | 2071 (16.5) | 1217 (58.8) | 854 (41.2) | | Yes | 10448 (83.5) | 6398 (61.2) | 4050 (38.8) |
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