Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associate Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Lao PDR: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey

Table 2

Associate factors with anemia among WRA in Lao PDR.

Characteristics	Crude		Adjusted
	OR (95% CI)	-value	OR (95% CI)	-value
Age, years
15–24	Reference		Reference
25–34	0.83 (0.75–0.90)	<0.001	0.81 (0.74–0.90)	<0.001
35–49	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.57	0.94 (0.85–1.04)	0.29
Education
None	Reference		Reference
Primary	0.85 (0.76–0.95)	0.005	0.89 (0.78–1.00)	0.06
Lower secondary	0.87 (0.77–0.98)	0.02	0.91 (0.79–1.05)	0.21
Upper secondary	0.87 (0.76–0.99)	0.04	0.91 (0.77–1.07)	0.26
Postsecondary/nontertiary	0.73 (0.58–0.91)	0.006	0.76 (0.60–0.97)	0.03
Higher	0.82 (0.71–0.95)	0.001	0.90 (0.75–1.08)	0.27
Ethnolinguistic
Lao-Tai	Reference		Reference
Mon-Khmer	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.51	0.94 (0.82–1.08)	0.45
Hmong-Mien	0.52 (0.45–0.60)	<0.001	0.48 (0.39–0.59)	<0.001
Chinese-Tibetan	0.80 (0.63–1.02)	0.07	1.23 (0.94–1.61)	0.11
Other	1.18 (0.82–1.71)	0.35	0.97 (0.66–1.41)	0.87
Religion
Buddhist	Reference		Reference
Animist	0.82 (0.75–0.88)	<0.001	1.04 (0.91–1.19)	0.49
Christian	1.05 (0.78–1.41)	0.72	1.14 (0.83–1.56)	0.41
Other	1.27 (0.57–2.82)	0.54	1.43 (0.63–3.25)	0.38
Area of residence
Urban	Reference		Reference
Rural with road	1.18 (1.09–1.28)	<0.001	1.10 (1.00–1.20)	0.03
Rural without road	0.92 (0.80–1.05)	0.24	0.90 (0.77–1.05)	0.21
Region of residence
Northern provinces	Reference		Reference
Central provinces	2.17 (1.99–2.37)	<0.001	2.16 (1.96–2.38)	<0.001
Southern provinces	2.26 (2.03–2.51)	<0.001	2.05 (1.82–2.31)	<0.001
Size of family
≤3 persons	Reference		Reference
4–6 persons	1.06 (0.96–1.18)	0.19	1.08 (0.97–1.20)	0.12
>6 persons	1.19 (1.06–1.35)	0.004	1.14 (1.01–1.29)	0.03
Source of drinking water
Improved	Reference		Reference
Unimproved	1.36 (1.23–1.51)	<0.001	1.24 (1.10–1.39)	<0.001
Type of toilet facility
Improved	Reference		Reference
Unimproved	1.36 (1.25–1.48)	<0.001	1.15(1.03–1.28)	0.01
Pregnancy status
None	Reference		Reference
Current pregnant	1.41 (1.19–1.68)	<0.001	1.46 (1.22–1.74)	<0.001
Adverse pregnancy outcomes
No (live births)	Reference		Reference
Yes (stillbirths, miscarriage, abortion)	1.19 (1.08–1.30)	<0.001	1.14 (1.03–1.25)	0.008
Watching TV
None	Reference		Reference
Less than once a week	0.86 (0.71–1.04)	0.12	0.84 (0.69–1.03)	0.10
At least once a week	0.85 (0.74–0.97)	0.01	0.80 (0.69–0.92)	0.003
Almost everyday	0.87 (0.80–0.96)	0.006	0.84 (0.75–0.95)	0.005
Ever smoking
None	Reference		Reference
Yes	1.14 (1.00–1.29)	0.03	0.99 (0.87–1.13)	0.94
Ever drunk alcohol
None	Reference		Reference
Yes	0.90 (0.82–0.99)	0.03	0.92 (0.83–1.03)	0.18