Research Article
Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associate Factors among Women of Reproductive Age in Lao PDR: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Survey
Table 2
Associate factors with anemia among WRA in Lao PDR.
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted | OR (95% CI) | -value | OR (95% CI) | -value |
| Age, years | 15–24 | Reference | | Reference | | 25–34 | 0.83 (0.75–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 | 35–49 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.57 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.29 |
| Education | None | Reference | | Reference | | Primary | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.005 | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 0.06 | Lower secondary | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.02 | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | 0.21 | Upper secondary | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.26 | Postsecondary/nontertiary | 0.73 (0.58–0.91) | 0.006 | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) | 0.03 | Higher | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.27 |
| Ethnolinguistic | Lao-Tai | Reference | | Reference | | Mon-Khmer | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.51 | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.45 | Hmong-Mien | 0.52 (0.45–0.60) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.39–0.59) | <0.001 | Chinese-Tibetan | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) | 0.07 | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) | 0.11 | Other | 1.18 (0.82–1.71) | 0.35 | 0.97 (0.66–1.41) | 0.87 |
| Religion | Buddhist | Reference | | Reference | | Animist | 0.82 (0.75–0.88) | <0.001 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.49 | Christian | 1.05 (0.78–1.41) | 0.72 | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | 0.41 | Other | 1.27 (0.57–2.82) | 0.54 | 1.43 (0.63–3.25) | 0.38 |
| Area of residence | Urban | Reference | | Reference | | Rural with road | 1.18 (1.09–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 0.03 | Rural without road | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) | 0.24 | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 0.21 |
| Region of residence | Northern provinces | Reference | | Reference | | Central provinces | 2.17 (1.99–2.37) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.96–2.38) | <0.001 | Southern provinces | 2.26 (2.03–2.51) | <0.001 | 2.05 (1.82–2.31) | <0.001 |
| Size of family | ≤3 persons | Reference | | Reference | | 4–6 persons | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 0.19 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.12 | >6 persons | 1.19 (1.06–1.35) | 0.004 | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) | 0.03 |
| Source of drinking water | Improved | Reference | | Reference | | Unimproved | 1.36 (1.23–1.51) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.10–1.39) | <0.001 |
| Type of toilet facility | Improved | Reference | | Reference | | Unimproved | 1.36 (1.25–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.15(1.03–1.28) | 0.01 |
| Pregnancy status | None | Reference | | Reference | | Current pregnant | 1.41 (1.19–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) | <0.001 |
| Adverse pregnancy outcomes | No (live births) | Reference | | Reference | | Yes (stillbirths, miscarriage, abortion) | 1.19 (1.08–1.30) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.03–1.25) | 0.008 |
| Watching TV | None | Reference | | Reference | | Less than once a week | 0.86 (0.71–1.04) | 0.12 | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | 0.10 | At least once a week | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.01 | 0.80 (0.69–0.92) | 0.003 | Almost everyday | 0.87 (0.80–0.96) | 0.006 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.005 |
| Ever smoking | None | Reference | | Reference | | Yes | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 0.03 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.94 |
| Ever drunk alcohol | None | Reference | | Reference | | Yes | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.83–1.03) | 0.18 |
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