Evaluation of Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation in Koi (Cyprinus carpio) Diet: Growth Performance, Body Color, Antioxidant Activity, Serum Biochemical Parameters, and Immune Response

Table 1

Feed formulation and composition of five diets used in the feeding trial.

Ingredient (g/kg diet)	Control	CGA-2	CGA-4	CGA-6	CGA-8
Fish meal (CP 60%)	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Soybean meal	240.00	240.00	240.00	240.00	240.00
Rapeseed meal	240.00	240.00	240.00	240.00	240.00
Wheat gluten	103.00	103.00	103.00	103.00	103.00
Wheat flour	263.00	262.80	262.60	262.40	262.20
Soybean oil	35.00	35.00	35.00	35.00	35.00
Ca(H2PO4)2	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
Vitamin premix^a	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50
Mineral premix^b	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.50
Choline chloride (50%)	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
Lysine (98.5%)	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
Methionine	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Chlorogenic acid	0.00	0.20	0.40	0.60	0.80
Proximate composition (g/kg)
Crude protein	413.30	416.20	412.80	410.80	415.80
Crude fat	66.00	64.70	68.00	65.30	63.00
Moisture	59.70	62.70	61.30	65.00	59.70
Ash	64.00	64.00	64.00	66.00	63.30
Gross energy (MJ/kg)	16.25	16.21	16.31	16.12	16.19

^aVitamin premix (mg/kg diet): vitamin B₁, 12 mg; vitamin B₂, 5 mg; vitamin B₅, 30 mg; vitamin B₆, 6 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 0.05 mg; vitamin D₃, 5 mg; vitamin E, 40 mg; vitamin K₃, 5 mg; inositol, 100 mg; niacin acid, 35 mg; folic acid, 2 mg, biotin, 0.05 mg; retinol acetate, 25 mg; ascorbic acid, 500 mg; ethoxyquin 150 mg, corn protein powder 585 mg. ^b Mineral premix (mg/kg diet): KCl, 10 mg; KI (1%), 3 mg; CoCl₂∙6H₂O (1%), 0.35 mg; CuSO₄∙5H₂O, 0.7 mg; FeSO₄∙H₂O, 20 mg; ZnSO₄∙H₂O, 10 mg; MnSO₄∙H₂O, 4 mg; Na₂SeO₃∙5H₂O (1%), 3.25 mg; MgSO₄∙7H₂O, 150 mg; Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O, 1000 mg; NaCl, 6.8 mg; Zoelite, 292 mg. All diets were produced at Beijing Sanyou Chuangmei Feed Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China, as extruded pellets.